Bronze Age Carian Iasos: Structures, Stratigraphy, and Finds from the area of the Late Roman Agora (ca. 3000-1500 BC)

伊索斯是一个广泛的多时期遗址，位于土耳其西南部海岸，自古以来就被称为卡里亚地区。它是土耳其西部为数不多的史前定居地之一，特别是公元前2000年（青铜时代中晚期）。1960年至1984年间，多罗·列维和克莱利亚·拉维奥萨首次发掘了这座古城，他们的工作表明，从公元4世纪末（铜石器时代）到中世纪，伊索斯一直被占领。特别是在公元前2000年，列维和拉维奥萨认为，该遗址的居民与爱琴海岛屿，特别是米诺斯克里特岛有着密切的联系。发现的建筑让人想起米诺斯建筑，大量的米诺斯发现——包括当地制造和进口的“卡马雷斯”陶器，这是克里特岛旧宫殿时期（约公元前1900-1700年）的标志之一——结合后来希腊文献（如修昔底德）对米诺斯海上帝国和爱琴海殖民的描述，促使列维和拉维奥萨提出，伊索斯是米诺斯早期的殖民地。此外，大量当地生产的迈锡尼陶器的发现表明，伊索斯和爱琴海世界之间的密切互动一直持续到青铜时代末期（公元前1100年左右）。尽管对伊索斯遗址的挖掘工作在半个世纪前就开始了，但这一遗址在很大程度上仍未被公布。除了一篇关于早期青铜时代墓地的专著（发表于1984年）外，列维和拉维奥萨关于史前伊索斯的出版物都是由简短的论文组成的，这些论文只说明了他们发现的一小部分。在1999年至2004年期间，申请人与来自不同大学和研究机构的几位同事一起收集了幸存的相关档案材料（例如挖掘日帐和计划），并对发现和建筑进行了更系统的研究（包括陶瓷，黑曜石和火山灰的采样）。随着这项工作的开展，有关青铜器时代的伊索斯的更丰富、更可靠的信息出现了：通过提供与定居点历史和贸易网络相关的新的有趣数据，这挑战了之前对该遗址的解释。例如，对中晚期青铜时代陶瓷的研究表明，列维和拉维奥萨所描述的“卡玛瑞斯”陶器属于一个后来的、相对鲜为人知的陶器类别，其中大部分（如果不是全部）是在科斯岛上生产的——这一发现破坏了原来关于伊索斯是米诺斯殖民地的解释，可以追溯到旧宫殿时期。此外，梅利亚黑曜石和大量从罗德岛、基克拉迪群岛以及其他爱琴海和安纳托利亚地区进口的陶瓷也首次被发现。最后，从青铜时代圣托里尼火山喷发中发现的一层以前未被识别的火山灰，对伊索斯青铜时代序列的年代学以及对圣托里尼火山喷发及其对地中海东部影响的研究具有重要意义。最近在爱琴海各岛屿（如Kythera、Thera和Samothraki）以及地中海东部的几个遗址（如Tell Kabri（以色列）、Avaris（埃及）、Miletus和Çesme（土耳其西部））的定居点进行的新发现或对旧发掘的重新评估，引发了人们对“米诺瓦化”和2000年贸易网络的新兴趣。本出版物将提供与这些主题相关的重要新证据。

Iasos is an extensive multi-period site located on the coast of SW Turkey, in a region known as Caria since antiquity. It is one of the few settlements in Western Turkey that has yielded substantial evidence of prehistoric occupation, especially for the 2nd millennium BC (Middle-Late Bronze Age). It was first excavated between 1960 and 1984 by Doro Levi and Clelia Laviosa, whose work indicated that Iasos was occupied from the late 4th millennium (Chalcolithic) till the medieval period. Concerning the 2nd millennium BC, in particular, Levi and Laviosa suggested that the site's inhabitants enjoyed close contacts with the Aegean islands, and especially with Minoan Crete. The discovery of buildings reminiscent of Minoan architecture, the presence of abundant Minoan finds - including locally made and imported 'Kamares' ware, one of the hall-marks of the Old Palace period in Crete (ca. 1900-1700 BC) - combined with accounts in later Greek sources (e.g. Thucydides) of a Minoan sea-empire and colonization of the Aegean, prompted Levi and Laviosa to suggest that Iasos was a Minoan colony going back to that early period. In addition, the discovery of large quantities of locally produced Mycenaean wares showed that close interactions between Iasos and the Aegean world continued until the end of the Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BC). Although excavations at Iasos started half a century ago, this site remains largely unpublished. With the exception of a monograph on an Early Bronze Age cemetery (which appeared in 1984), publications on prehistoric Iasos by Levi and Laviosa consisted of short papers, which illustrated only a small fraction of the finds they discovered. Between 1999 and 2004 the applicant, together with several colleagues from various universities and research institutes, gathered the surviving relevant archival material (e.g. excavation day-books and plans) and carried out a more systematic study of the finds and architecture (including sampling of ceramics, obsidian, and volcanic ash). With this work, more abundant and reliable information on Bronze Age Iasos has emerged: this challenges previous interpretations of the site, by offering new intriguing data relevant to its settlement history and trade networks. For example, work on Middle-Late Bronze Age ceramics has shown that the 'Kamares' ware described by Levi and Laviosa belongs to a later, relatively little known class of pottery, much (if not all) of which was produced on the island of Kos - a discovery that undermines the original interpretation of Iasos as a Minoan colony going back to the Old Palace period. In addition, Melian obsidian and a considerable number of ceramic imports from Rhodes, the Cyclades as well as other Aegean and Anatolian regions have been identified for the first time. Finally, the discovery of a previously unrecognized layer of volcanic ash from the Bronze Age eruption of Santorini is significant for the chronology of the Bronze Age sequence at Iasos and for the study of the Santorini eruption and effects in the eastern Mediterranean. Recent new discoveries or reassessment of old excavations conducted at settlements located on various Aegean islands such as Kythera, Thera, and Samothraki as well as at several eastern Mediterranean sites such as Tell Kabri (Israel), Avaris (Egypt), Miletus, and Çesme (Western Turkey) have sparked new interest in 'Minoanisation' and 2nd millennium trade networks. This publication will provide an important new body of evidence relevant to these subjects.