The Scots Syntactic Atlas

虽然传统的方言地图集的工作集中在语音和词汇的变化，近年来已经看到了激增的工作方言句法，特别是在欧洲。在苏格兰的背景下，有一些研究的形态句法的少数特定的苏格兰方言，但一直没有系统的覆盖类型在这里提出的，事实上，没有这样的项目已经进行了任何英语方言地区的日期。这不仅是描述性记录中的一个巨大差距，也是分析性景观中的一个差距：以前的句法地图集项目已经表明，地理上复杂的微观比较方法是一种强有力的工具，可以用来检验不同方言之间句法特性的理论解释，而且由于苏格兰方言在一些理论上重要的句法现象方面表现出了实质性的差异（如主谓一致、否定和相对化），SCOSYA的主要目标是开始填补这一空白，提供一个系统的和理论上知情的描述，苏格兰现代方言的标准句法属性，并在在线地图集中直观地表示结果。我们将从分布在苏格兰和北方爱尔兰的122个地点的四位发言者那里收集数据;数据的主要来源将是语法判断，使用在其他项目中成功采用的访谈方法收集，但这将辅之以方言发言者之间的对话录音，这些录音将被转录并通过网站提供。判决数据将输入一个数据库，该数据库将成为在线地图集的基础;这将是完全交互式的，允许用户生成自己的地图，绘制个别句法现象或现象组合的分布，并提供各种可视化选项。地图集将有两个界面，一个供非专家使用，一个供专家使用;前者将辅以评注和说明，以确保方便公众使用，后者将链接到记录誊本和完整的声音档案，以供研究之用。除了地图集的数据，我们还将收集有关感兴趣的特定地区现象的判断数据，这些现象迄今为止尚未得到充分研究，从而大大扩展了对苏格兰方言语法的描述。然后，我们将利用这一大量的描述性资源来追求一些分析和理论目标。关键的分析问题是：（一）在多大程度上方言变量句法现象共同出现（在某种程度上不直接归因于地理/社会历史因素）？(ii)句法现象的变异范围在多大程度上实现了完整的范式，如果没有，范式中是否存在显著的差距，以及如何解释这些差距？(iii)老年人和年轻人的方言之间有什么不同，方言之间的差异是否与方言地区的其他方言同时出现？对这些分析问题的回答将使我们对句法现象的本质有新的认识。该项目的中心理论目标是利用地图集提供的经验性图片来重新评估句法变化的哪些方面需要由参数来解释，哪些是协商句法表征如何在形态音位学上实现的规则的结果（通过基本的后句法规则）;也就是说，有多少句法变化是后句法的，这需要什么样的句法理论？

While traditional dialect atlas work has concentrated on phonological and lexical variation, recent years have seen a surge in work on dialect syntax, particularly in Europe. In the context of Scotland, there are a few studies on the morphosyntax of a small number of specific Scots dialects, but there has been no systematic coverage of the type proposed here, and indeed no such project has been conducted on any English dialect region to date. This is not only a substantial gap in the descriptive record, but also a gap in the analytical landscape: previous syntactic atlas projects have shown that the geographically sophisticated microcomparative method is a powerful tool for testing theoretical accounts of syntactic properties that vary across dialects, and since Scots dialects show substantial variation with respect a number of theoretically significant syntactic phenomena (e.g. subject-verb agreement, negation and relativization), it presents the analyst with a major opportunity to reassess many key issues in English syntax and indeed theoretical linguistics more widely.The primary goal of SCOSYA is to begin to fill this gap by providing a systematic and theoretically informed description of the non-standard syntactic properties of contemporary dialects of Scots and representing the results visually in an online atlas. We will gather data from four speakers in 122 locations distributed across Scotland and Northern Ireland; the main source of data will be grammaticality judgements, gathered using the interview method employed successfully in other projects, but this will be supplemented by recordings of conversational discourse between dialect speakers, which will be transcribed and made available through the website. The judgement data will be entered into a database which will form the basis for the online atlas; this will be fully interactive, allowing users to generate their own maps plotting the distribution of individual syntactic phenomena or combinations of phenomena, with various visualisation options. The atlas will have two interfaces, one for non-experts and one for experts; the former will be supplemented by commentary and instructions to ensure that it is user-friendly for the general public, while the latter will link to transcripts and full sound files for research purposes. In addition to the atlas data, we will also gather judgement data on locale-specific phenomena of interest that have remained understudied until now, thus extending the description of the grammar of Scots dialects substantially.We will then use this substantial descriptive resource to pursue a number of analytical and theoretical goals. The key analytical questions are: (i) to what extent do dialectally variable syntactic phenomena co-occur (in a manner not directly attributable to geographic/sociohistoric factors)? (ii) to what extent does the range of variation with syntactic phenomena realise full paradigms, and if not, are there significant gaps in the paradigms, and what would account for those gaps? (iii) what differences are there between the dialects of older and younger speakers, and do any differences between dialects co-occur with others across dialect regions? The answers to these analytical questions will give us new insight into the nature of the syntactic phenomena. The central theoretical goal of the project is to use the empirical picture provided by the atlas to reassess just which aspects of syntactic variation are to be accounted for by parameters, and which are the result of rules that negotiate how syntactic representations are realized morphophonologically (by fundamentally post-syntactic rules); that is, how much syntactic variation is post-syntactic, and what kind of theory of syntax does this require?