Crossing Boundaries: The History of First Aid in Britain and France, 1909-1989

在过去的二十年里，历史学家对英国初级和二级医疗保健提供的增长有了一个复杂的理解。然而，这种对专业机构护理的关注忽视了个人、自愿和社区形式的医疗保健的历史，通常被称为急救。然而，了解整个20世纪非机构治疗的轨迹，特别是免费提供的全民医疗保健对公众自我治疗轻伤意愿的影响，可以帮助阐明福利国家时代国家提供、个人责任和自愿行动的界限。此外，追踪急救的命运提供了一个机会，为英国国民保健服务（nhs）当前危机的反应提供信息，特别是最近对全科医生手术和事故及急诊部门的大量需求。急救是一个广义的术语，涵盖了从敷膏药到准备和处理战争影响的各种活动。我们将把重点放在由公认的医疗专业人员以外的人进行的轻伤的初步治疗和基本生命维持技术。我们研究的一个主要焦点将是急救活动和急救知识的传播由英国红十字会进行。此外，将通过对法国非专业治疗发展的考察来考虑英国经验的典型性。之所以选择法国，是因为法国的医疗体系和志愿协会的发展方式与英国不同。与英国相比，宗教组织的作用更突出，也更有争议，国家对急救提供者的监督干预程度更高，一系列优先事项受到战争和入侵经历的强烈影响。此外，缴费保险的中心地位和医生不受国家雇佣的自由可能塑造了急救在法国体系中的持续作用。目前，缺乏由历史学家撰写的关于急救的文献，也缺乏医学研究人员对过去急救实践的评估，最近由英国红十字会发起的一项研究解决了这一问题。医学人文方法对这个主题提供了一个更全面的急救观点，检查记忆和急救实践的反思以及传统的档案研究。我们的方法包括查阅英国和法国红十字会、圣约翰救护中心、英国国家档案馆和法国国家图书馆、英国和法国地方档案馆以及记录公众意见的苏塞克斯大众观察档案馆的档案记录。进一步的研究将探索教育书籍和电影，以及口头证词，以调查急救的政策和技术。除了社会、文化、经济和政治历史之外，我们的方法还涉及到与受过不同训练的人之间的知识界限有关的社会学概念。如何为公众选择安全做法，同时保持训练有素的专业人员的地位？哪些对象和做法是医学界愿意分享的，哪些是公众愿意使用的？我们将通过小组访谈加强对这些主题的评估，在职和退休的医生、英国红十字会急救志愿者和协调员将参与小组访谈，讨论急救实践的历史，以及今天加强政策和实践的机会。出版物、网站和互动活动将传播我们的研究成果。

Over the past twenty years historians have developed a sophisticated understanding of the growth of primary and secondary healthcare provision in Britain. However, this focus on professional, institutional care has overlooked the history of the personal, voluntary and communitarian forms of healthcare generally known as first aid. Yet understanding the trajectory of non-institutional treatment across the twentieth century, and in particular the effect of freely available universal healthcare provision on the willingness of the public to self-treat minor injuries, can help to illuminate the boundaries of state provision, individual responsibility and voluntary action in the era of welfare states. Moreover, tracing the fate of first aid provides an opportunity to inform responses to the current crisis in the British National Health Service, especially recent heavy demands on GP surgeries and accident and emergency departments.First aid is a broad term encompassing activities from applying a sticking plaster, to preparing for and managing the effects of war. We will focus on the initial treatment of minor injuries and techniques for basic life support undertaken by people other than recognized medical professionals. A major focus for our research will be the first aid activity and the diffusion of first aid knowledge conducted by the British Red Cross. Furthermore, the typicality of the British experience will be considered through an examination of the development of non-professional treatment in France. France has been chosen as its healthcare system and voluntary associations developed in different ways to those in England. In comparison to England there has been a more prominent, and controversial, role for religious organisations, a greater level of state intervention in the oversight of first aid providers and a set of priorities strongly influenced by the experience of war and invasion. Moreover, the centrality of contributory insurance and the freedom of doctors from state employment may have shaped the continuing role of first aid within the French system.Currently, there is a lack of literature on first aid written by historians, and there is also a dearth of evaluation of past first aid practices by medical researchers, which has recently been addressed by a study initiated by the British Red Cross. A medical humanities approach to this topic offers a more rounded view of first aid, examining memories and reflections of first aid practice along with traditional archival research. Our methods include examining records in archives of the British and French Red Cross, St John Ambulance, the National Archives in Britain and the National Library in France, British and French local archives, and the Mass Observation Archive in Sussex which documents public opinions. Further research will explore educational books and films, and oral testimony in order to investigate the policy and techniques of first aid. In addition to social, cultural, economic and political history, our approach is informed by sociological concepts in relation to the boundaries of knowledge between differently trained people. How are safe practices chosen for the public, while preserving the status of trained professionals? Which objects and practices are the medical profession willing to share and which are the public willing to use? Our evaluation of these topics will be enhanced through group interviews, to which working and retired medical practitioners and British Red Cross first aid volunteers and co-ordinators will contribute in order to discuss the history of first aid practices and opportunities for enhancing policy and practice today. Publications, a website, and interactive events will disseminate the outcomes of our research.