NEWTON - Cultural heritage in landscape: planning for development in Turkey

正如《欧洲景观公约》（现已由土耳其和英国签署并批准）所定义的那样，“景观”的概念提供了一种将文化和自然遗产以相互支持的方式结合在一起的方式。景观提供了一个全球框架来应对社会和环境挑战，并利用不同类型遗产的社会、经济和环境价值来造福社会。景观视角可以是局部的和普遍的，个人的和集体的；它们既包括物质遗产，也包括非物质遗产，并与城市规划等领域有着强大的跨部门联系。景观是地方感和身份感的基础：通过精心管理，它们可以改变人们的生活质量。虽然景观由于人类活动和自然过程而不断变化，但研究人员尚未建立大尺度的空间模型，以提供对历史景观变化的详细见解。这样的模型可以用来理解一些基本问题，比如历史变化、强度增强和气候变化之间的联系，并为未来的规划提供信息。为此，该项目将开发新兴的景观表征方法，这些方法可以跨学科和跨学科使用，通过景观来应对环境和社会变化的挑战。来自土耳其和英国的主要专家将与早期职业研究人员（ecr）团队合作，通过景观文化遗产确定和解决两国社会面临的挑战。在研究计划期间，团队将开发创新的实用方法，在5-10年内产生积极的影响。这在土耳其尤其紧迫，因为经济发展和社会变革的加速造成了意想不到的负面影响，包括景观特征的丧失和景观质量的下降。合作伙伴将促进使用历史景观特征（HLC）的研究，这是一种在英国开发的跨学科技术，最初由团队成员在土耳其进行试点，目的是为积极的景观规划和管理提供信息。该项目将分为五个工作组，以发展和展示地理信息系统在历史景观研究、公众参与和景观规划方面的价值。研究方案将集中于在土耳其爱琴海沿岸伊兹密尔和地中海梅尔辛地区进行的两项个案研究。每个案例研究将包括对一个大区域的详细分析（包括所有可用的现代/历史制图、遥感和航空摄影数据），以及有针对性的生态和考古实地调查（WP2）；公众参与，巩固景观价值的诠释（第三阶段工作）；以及在历史特征分析的基础上建立基于地理信息系统的情景模型，以制定可视化和规划未来景观的方法（WP4）。该项目将在土耳其的背景下解决以下两个基本挑战：1 .在包括文化遗产在内的充分理解和清晰呈现的证据基础上，确定并实施有效的方法，倡导积极的景观变化；在不同学科的景观研究人员、景观规划政策和景观管理的实际实施之间建立有效的关系。有针对性的传播行动将向相关受众宣传项目成果。在项目实施期间，计划在土耳其举办两次会议，代表包括景观设计师、景观规划师、考古学家、学者、地方政府官员和国家政府部门和当局。我们开发的工具也将适用于土耳其以外的英国、欧洲和其他地区：该团队将通过他们的国际网络、出版物和在线通信来推广它们的使用。

As defined in the European Landscape Convention (now signed and ratified by Turkey and the UK), the concept of 'landscape' provides a way to bring cultural and natural heritage together in mutually-supportive ways. Landscape offers a global frame to address social and environmental challenges and to exploit the social, economic and environmental values of different types of heritage for social benefit. Landscape perspectives can be local and universal, personal and collective; they embrace both tangible and intangible heritage and have strong cross-sectoral connections to areas such as urban planning. Landscapes underpin sense of place and identity: with careful management, they can transform people's quality of life. Although landscapes change constantly as a result of human actions and natural processes, researchers have not yet created spatial models at a large scale that provide detailed insights into historic landscape change. Such models could be used to understand fundamental issues such as the links between historical changes, intensification and climate change, and to inform planning for the future.To do so, this project will develop emerging landscape characterisation methods that can be used across and between disciplines to address the challenges of environmental and social change through landscape. Leading specialists fromTurkey and the UK will work together with a team of Early Career Researchers (ECRs) to identify and address challenges facing societies in both countries through cultural heritage in landscape.During the research programme the team will develop innovative practical methods to create positive impacts within 5-10 years. This is especially urgent in Turkey as quickening economic development and social change create unintended negative impacts including loss of landscape character and poor-quality landscapes. The partners will promote research using Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC), an interdisciplinary technique developed in the UK and first piloted in Turkey by members of the team with the aim of informing positive landscape planning and management.The project will be organised into five Work Packages (WPs) to develop and demonstrate the value of characterisation using GIS (Geographical Information Systems) for historic landscape research, public participation and landscape planning. The research programme will be focussed around two case-studies in Turkey in the regions of Izmir on the Aegean coast and Mersin on the Mediterranean. Each case-study will include detailed analysis of a large region (including all available modern/historic cartography, remote sensing and aerial photographic data), with targeted ecological and archaeological fieldwork (WP2); public engagement and participation to underpin interpretations of landscape value (WP3); and GIS-based modelling of scenarios informed by historic character analysis to develop methods for visualising and planning future landscapes (WP4).The project will address these two fundamental challenges in the Turkish context:1. To identify and implement effective methods for advocating positive landscape change based on a well-understood and clearly presented base of evidence that includes cultural heritage;2. To create effective relationships between landscape researchers in different scientific disciplines, landscape planning policy and practical implementation in landscape management.Targeted dissemination actions will promote the project's results to relevant audiences. Two conferences in Turkey are planned during the project's lifetime for delegates including landscape architects, landscape planers, archaeologists, academics, local government officials, and national government ministries and authorities. The tools we develop will also be applicable beyond Turkey in the UK, Europe and beyond: the team will promote their use through their international networks, publications and online communications.