Devastation, dislocation and (re-)settlement. Breaking/replacing the people-place connection in landscape

“破坏，错位和（重新）安置”将探讨景观迅速和根本破坏的社会和文化影响。利用对“景观”的广泛理解，作为人们身份和与环境联系的社会位置（这突出了感知在景观建设中的作用），我们将研究蓄意的人类行为对景观的影响，例如战争和社会统治，而不是由“自然”事件造成的破坏，也不是由非常长期的过程引起的景观转变。我们将重点关注两种类型的破坏：在物质和精神层面上对景观的破坏，以及由于被迫迁移或散居而使社区或社会从其景观中错位。我们将使用历史实例来探索破坏的机制以及由此产生的后果和适应。从广义上讲，我们的目标是了解蓄意破坏景观对社区的影响如何超越经济和功能层面，更具体地说，是突然的破坏或错位导致权力丧失，创造权力选择，还是作为社会变革的催化剂。我们还将研究影响恢复和反应的因素，包括社会复原力，并探索由于人与地关系（即景观）的破坏而出现的社会。我们的主要案例研究将是1689-1693年法国军队对普法尔茨岛的破坏，其后果是对景观的破坏，以及其人民迁移到英格兰的“新”景观（然后，通常是爱尔兰和北美的英国种植园）。因此，这一重大案例研究以非常直接的方式将我们两国联系起来。我们的研究将通过收集从现有研究中提取的不太详细的案例研究的“选集”进一步阐明。它们将帮助我们在更广泛的历史和地理框架中对我们的初级普法尔茨案例研究进行背景化。选集将包括以下主题：从殖民时期的爱尔兰到苏联时期的乌克兰，在战后和现代主义重新规划期间对20世纪城市的重新塑造，以及被迫移民的影响。所有这些案例研究，虽然历史背景，都将有当前和未来的挑战主题相关性；同样，我们的研究结果将对未来有关景观规划和设计的政策产生共鸣。

'Destruction, dislocation and (re)-settlement' will explore the social and cultural impact of the rapid and fundamental devastation of a landscape. Using a broad understanding of 'landscape' as a societal seat of people's identity and connection with their environment (which foregrounds the role of perception in the construction of landscape), we will research the landscape impact of deliberate human actions, exemplified by war and social domination, rather than destruction caused by 'natural' events, nor on the transformations of landscape caused by very long-term processes. We will focus on two types of destruction: the devastation of a landscape in both material and mental dimensions, and the dislocation of a community or society from their landscape by forced migration or diaspora. We will use historical examples to explore the mechanisms of destruction and the aftermath and adaptation that arises from it. Broadly, we aim to understand how deliberate devastation of landscapes impacts on communities beyond the economic and functional level, and more specifically whether sudden devastation or dislocation leads to disempowerment, creates options for empowerment or acts as a catalyst for social change. We will also study the factors that affected recovery and response, including societal resilience, and explore the societies that emerged as a consequence of the disruption of the people-place relationship that is landscape. Our primary case study will be the devastation of The Palatinate by French armies in 1689-1693, with its consequences for both the destruction of landscape, and the relocation of its peoples to 'new' landscapes in England (and thence, often, to English plantations in Ireland and North America). This major case study thus links our two countries in a very direct manner. Our research will be further illuminated by assembling an 'anthology' of less detailed case studies drawn from existing research. They will help us to contextualise our primary Palatinate case study in a broader historical and geographical frame. The anthology will include topics such as major enforced land reorganisations in contexts from colonial Ireland to Soviet-era Ukraine, the re-shaping of twentieth-century cities after war and during modernist replanning, and the impact of forced migration. All these case studies, although historically situated, will all have topical relevance to present day and future challenges; equally our results will have resonance for future policy concerned with landscape planning and design.