Collective Wisdom: Collecting in the Early Modern Academy

这笔赠款的目的是让国际学者网络探索皇家学会(RS)、伦敦古物学会(SAL)和Leopoldina(德国科学院，哈勒)的成员如何以及为什么收集17世纪和18世纪的自然界、艺术和考古学的标本。这些在知识变得次专门化之前成立的学术团体有许多共同的成员。他们以跨学科的方式探索自然哲学(我们称之为科学)、古物学(考古学)和医学。事实上，Leopoldina不是由科学家开始的，而是由医生在1652年开始的。RS(成立于1660年)和Sal(成立于1717年)的几位研究员也是医生和药剂师。从摆放着跨越艺术和自然领域的玩耍物品的好奇心橱柜，到有序的启蒙博物馆的整体转变是众所周知的。必须充分探索的是这种转变发生的过程，以及这些学院的成员在开发新的物品分类和组织技术以创建现代博物馆方面所扮演的角色。院士们如何以新的方式将艺术收藏与自然联系起来，对知识进行分类，并塑造全球科学事业？民族志物品的收藏与帝国有何关联？2018-2019年该网络举办的三次研讨会的结果将用于开发这些学院的私人和公共收藏的数字应用程序，该应用程序是整合的和泛欧洲的。来自学术和遗产部门的早期学者和知名学者将参加讲习班，他们将学习科学、艺术、古物学和物质文化的历史，并与各自组织的一系列关键公共收藏品密切接触。讲习班1：早期现代收集网络和实践：医学和自然哲学(在Leopoldina)。由于RS、SAL和Leopoldina由大量的医生组成，我们将分析这些早期现代医生及其收集方法。与会者还将与Leopoldina档案馆和设在哈雷奥古斯特·弗兰克孤儿院的早期博物馆进行接触。公元17世纪，佛朗克创建了一个全球性的艺术和科学博物馆，作为他所照料的孩子们的体验式教学工具；他的边做边学的方法包括教授孩子们公开表演的音乐。弗兰克孤儿院是18世纪成立于伦敦的科拉姆基金会医院的典范，该医院通过汉德尔(来自哈雷)的公开音乐会为孤儿们筹集资金。该网络将考虑收藏品、古物学和社会的更广泛效用，带头让医疗和古董收藏家及其博物馆参与早期现代慈善事业。为了让公众参与到我们的工作中来，我们将在哈勒和伦敦为科拉姆和弗兰克博物馆和基金会举办慈善音乐会。研讨会2：学术社会中的古物科学(在SAL)。除了医学和自然历史学科，像数学家和天文学家马丁·福克斯(1690-1754)这样的物理学家也是鉴赏家和古物学家。福克斯是艾萨克·牛顿爵士的门徒，同时也是RS和SAL的主席，他试图将这两个协会团结起来，因为他们有许多共同的成员和利益。我们将讨论古物学和自然哲学之间的相互作用和学科边界，并参与SAL的早期现代博物馆收藏品。该讲习班将是与SAL联合举办的活动，作为其研究研讨会之一。讲习班3：数字科学收藏：未来来世(在RS)。为了规划我们的数字应用，我们将在RS-Google倡议的帮助下，分析目前和随着时间的推移在调查收藏品方面正在发展的数字方法，包括整合现有的数据库、数据挖掘和博物馆物品的数字建模

The purpose of this grant is for an international network of scholars to explore how and why members of the Royal Society (RS), the Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL) and the Leopoldina (German Academy of Science, Halle) collected specimens of the natural world, art, and archaeology in the 17th and 18th centuries. These scholarly societies, founded before knowledge became subspecialised, had many common members. They explored natural philosophy (what we call science), antiquarianism (archaeology), and medicine in an interdisciplinary manner. In fact, the Leopoldina was begun not by scientists, but by doctors in 1652. Several of the fellows of the RS (founded 1660) and SAL (founded 1717), were also physicians and apothecaries. The overall shift from curiosity cabinets with objects playfully crossing the domains of art and nature, to their well-ordered Enlightenment museums is well known. What has to be explored fully is the process through which this transformation occurred, and the role of members of these academies in developing new techniques of classifying and organising objects to create the modern museum. How did academy fellows relate collections of art and nature in new ways, categorising knowledge and shaping global scientific enterprise? How was collection of ethnographic objects related to empire?Results from three of the network's workshops held from 2018-2019 will be used to develop a digital application of these academies' private and public collections that is integrated and pan-European. The workshops will be attended by a network of early-career and established scholars from the academic and heritage sectors who will draw in the histories of science, art, antiquarianism and material culture, and engage closely with a range of key public collections at the respective organisations. Workshop 1:Early modern collecting networks and practice: medicine and natural philosophy (At Leopoldina). As the RS, SAL and the Leopoldina consisted of a large number of doctors, we will analyse these early modern physicians and their approaches to collecting. Participants will also engage with the Leopoldina archives and the early museum housed in the August Francke Orphanage in Halle. In the 17th c., Francke created a global art and science museum as an experiential teaching tool for the children in his care; his learning-by-doing approach included teaching the children music that they publicly performed. The Francke Orphanage was a model for Coram's Foundling Hospital founded in 18th-century London, which via public concerts of music of Handel (who was from Halle) also raised money for the orphans. The network will consider the wider utility of collecting, antiquarianism and society, taking as its lead the involvement of medical and antiquarian collectors and their museums in early modern charity. To engage the public with our work, we will sponsor benefit music concerts in Halle and London for the Coram and Francke Museum and Foundation.Workshop 2:Antiquarian Science in the Scholarly Society (At SAL). Beyond the disciplines of medicine and natural history, physical scientists like mathematician and astronomer Martin Folkes (1690-1754) also were connoisseurs and antiquarians. Folkes was Sir Isaac Newton's protege, President of both the RS and SAL, and he tried to unite the two societies as they had many common members and interests. We will discuss the interplay and disciplinary boundaries between antiquarianism and natural philosophy and engage with the early modern museum collection at the SAL. This workshop would be a joint event with SAL as one of its Research Seminars. Workshop 3:Digital scientific collections: future afterlives (At RS). To plan our digital application, we will analyse current and developing digital approaches in surveying collections over time with the assistance of the RS-Google initiative, including integration of extant databases, data-mining and digital modelling of museum objects