INVENTING 'REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS': SEX, BODIES AND POPULATION, 1945-1995

选择是否生育、何时生育以及与谁生育是一项不可否认的人权，如今在全球范围内已被广泛接受。这是怎么回事？历史告诉我们，这一思想绝不是不言而喻的，它的出现既不是必然的，也不是没有冲突的。从1945年到20世纪90年代，关于生育选择和身体自主的新想法受到了争论和谈判，导致了我们今天所说的一套政治、法律和医学原则。《发明生殖权利》将对生殖权利概念的历史背景产生新的洞察，自1945年至1990年代中期，生殖健康和权利被写入联合国人权。它跟踪性文化、性别角色、人口统计学和医疗实践的变化。该项目涉及“计划生育”、避孕和堕胎，重点关注活动团体、专家和政策制定者。支撑该项目的两个关键假设。首先，生殖权利观念的出现并没有减少一系列行为者干预个人生殖选择的企图，而是改变了这种干预。其次，它为个体行使生殖代理创造了新的方式。这些争论集中于三个发展：医疗化，即医疗机构在干预生殖机构方面发挥的越来越大的作用；女性化，或日益认识到女性而不是男性是生殖规划的关键因素；生殖机构的社会等级，即根据社会阶层、种族和能力，将某些机构构建为比其他机构更值得生育的机构。该项目以全球南部的创新学术为基础，提出了一种全球联系的分析，特别是对欧洲的分析。该项目挑战了生育权只出现在自由民主背景下的假设，将共产主义的东欧和民主的西欧结合在一起。国际和平研究所的研究重点是英国和意大利，而一名研究助理则研究南斯拉夫。这三个国家反映了更广泛的现象，如性现代化和以女性为中心的激进主义。它们的不同之处在于，例如，天主教文化在定义文化规范方面的力量(意大利)；相对较早的避孕和堕胎自由化(英国)，或者国家试图在全球范围内将自己标榜为生殖权利的捍卫者(南斯拉夫)。该项目的基础是PI与历史、社会科学、法律和医学人文学科的知名学者和早期职业学者之间的跨学科对话。国际和平协会的专著将为在两个主要国际会议上进行更广泛的辩论提供起点，该项目将产生一期特刊。当代关于生殖权利的辩论和做法仍然受到历史发展的制约；因此，需要有历史意识，才能了解今天实现充分生殖正义的障碍。我们与格拉斯哥地区和桑迪福德性健康服务(NHS大格拉斯哥和克莱德)的年轻人合作，以新的视角了解年轻人关于生殖权利的经验和价值观，重点是性别关系、获得服务的机会和社会文化背景。我们的成果--在年轻人中进行的大规模调查、小组讨论和教育漫画--将纳入桑迪福德向苏格兰政府提出的政策建议。更广泛地说，它们将使NHS专业人员以及英国各地的青年、社区和教育服务受益。我们设想这些产出是实现生殖正义教育议程的基石：教育那些与年轻人一起工作的人，让后者发声，并解释他们的经历。

The choice as to whether to have children, when and with whom as an undeniable human right is nowadays broadly accepted across the globe. How did it come to be so? History shows us that this idea is by no means self-evident, and that its emergence was neither inevitable nor without conflict. Between 1945 and the 1990s, novel ideas regarding reproductive choice and bodily autonomy were contested and negotiated, leading to what today we call 'reproductive rights' as set of political, legal and medical principles. 'Inventing Reproductive Rights' will create new insight into the historical contexts in which the notion of reproductive rights has developed since 1945 and up to the mid-1990s, when 'reproductive health and rights' were inscribed into UN human rights. It traces shifts in sexual culture, gender roles, demography, and medical practices. The project deals with 'family planning', contraception and abortion, focusing on campaigning groups, experts, and policy-makers. Two key hypotheses underpin the project. Firstly, the emergence of reproductive rights ideas did not diminish the attempts by a range of actors at intervening in individuals' reproductive choices, but rather reframed such interventions. Secondly, it created new ways for individuals to exercise reproductive agency. These arguments are illustrated by focusing on three developments: medicalisation, or the growing role played by medical institutions in intervening in the reproductive body; feminisation, or the growing understanding that women rather than men are the key agents of reproductive planning; and the social hierarchy of reproductive bodies, or the framing of some bodies as more worthy of procreation than others, as based on social class, 'race', and ability. The project builds on innovative scholarship on the Global South to present a globally connected analysis, with particular focus on Europe. Challenging the assumption that reproductive rights emerged solely in a liberal-democratic context, the project integrates communist Eastern and democratic Western Europe. The PI's research focuses on the UK and Italy, while a Research Associate studies Yugoslavia. The three countries reflect wider phenomena such as sexual modernisation and women-centred activism. They are distinguished by, for instance, the power of the Catholic culture in defining cultural norms (Italy); the relatively early liberalisation of contraception and abortion (UK), or the state's attempts to globally present itself as a champion for reproductive rights (Yugoslavia). The project is underpinned by an interdisciplinary conversation between the PI and established and early career scholars in History, Social Science, Law, and Medical Humanities. A monograph by the PI will provide the starting point for wider debate at two major international conferences, and the project will result in a Special Issue. Contemporary debates and practices of reproductive rights continue to be framed by historical developments; therefore, historical awareness is needed to understand the obstacles to full reproductive justice today. We collaborate with young people in the Glasgow area and Sandyford Sexual Health Services (NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde) to create new insight into young people's experiences and values regarding reproductive rights, focusing on gender relations, access to services, and socio-cultural context. Our outputs - a large-scale survey among young people, small-group discussion, and an educational comic strip - will feed into Sandyford's policy recommendations to the Scottish Government. More broadly, they will benefit NHS professionals and youth, community and educational services around the UK. We envisage these outputs as building blocks towards a Reproductive Justice Education agenda: educating those working with young people, giving voice to the latter, and interpreting their experiences.