Devastation, dislocation and (re-)settlement. Breaking/replacing the people-place connection in landscape

《破坏、错位和(重新)定居》将探讨景观遭到迅速而根本的破坏所产生的社会和文化影响。通过广泛理解“景观”作为人们身份认同和与其环境的联系的社会基础(突出感知在景观构建中的作用)，我们将研究故意的人类行为(例如战争和社会统治)对景观的影响，而不是‘自然’事件造成的破坏，也不是非常长期的过程对景观变化的影响。我们将侧重于两种类型的破坏：物质和精神层面对景观的破坏，以及强迫移民或散居国外使社区或社会与其景观脱节。我们将使用历史例子来探讨破坏的机制以及由此产生的后果和适应。总体而言，我们的目标是了解蓄意破坏景观如何对经济和功能层面以外的社区产生影响，更具体地说，是突然破坏或混乱导致丧失权力、创造赋权选择或充当社会变革的催化剂。我们还将研究影响恢复和应对的因素，包括社会复原力，并探索由于人与地关系的破坏而出现的社会。我们的主要案例研究将是1689-1693年法国军队对帕拉特纳特的破坏，其后果既包括景观的破坏，也包括其人民迁移到英格兰的“新”景观(并从那里通常迁移到爱尔兰和北美的英格兰种植园)。因此，这一重大案例研究以非常直接的方式将我们两国联系在一起。我们的研究将通过收集从现有研究中提取的不太详细的案例研究来进一步阐明。它们将帮助我们在更广泛的历史和地理框架内将我们的主要Palatate案例研究与背景联系起来。选集将包括从殖民时期的爱尔兰到苏联时代的乌克兰等背景下的重大强制土地重组、战后和现代主义重新规划期间20世纪城市的重塑，以及被迫移民的影响等主题。所有这些案例研究，虽然处于历史地位，但都将与当今和未来的挑战具有主题相关性；同样，我们的结果将对未来与景观规划和设计有关的政策产生共鸣。

'Destruction, dislocation and (re)-settlement' will explore the social and cultural impact of the rapid and fundamental devastation of a landscape. Using a broad understanding of 'landscape' as a societal seat of people's identity and connection with their environment (which foregrounds the role of perception in the construction of landscape), we will research the landscape impact of deliberate human actions, exemplified by war and social domination, rather than destruction caused by 'natural' events, nor on the transformations of landscape caused by very long-term processes. We will focus on two types of destruction: the devastation of a landscape in both material and mental dimensions, and the dislocation of a community or society from their landscape by forced migration or diaspora. We will use historical examples to explore the mechanisms of destruction and the aftermath and adaptation that arises from it. Broadly, we aim to understand how deliberate devastation of landscapes impacts on communities beyond the economic and functional level, and more specifically whether sudden devastation or dislocation leads to disempowerment, creates options for empowerment or acts as a catalyst for social change. We will also study the factors that affected recovery and response, including societal resilience, and explore the societies that emerged as a consequence of the disruption of the people-place relationship that is landscape. Our primary case study will be the devastation of The Palatinate by French armies in 1689-1693, with its consequences for both the destruction of landscape, and the relocation of its peoples to 'new' landscapes in England (and thence, often, to English plantations in Ireland and North America). This major case study thus links our two countries in a very direct manner. Our research will be further illuminated by assembling an 'anthology' of less detailed case studies drawn from existing research. They will help us to contextualise our primary Palatinate case study in a broader historical and geographical frame. The anthology will include topics such as major enforced land reorganisations in contexts from colonial Ireland to Soviet-era Ukraine, the re-shaping of twentieth-century cities after war and during modernist replanning, and the impact of forced migration. All these case studies, although historically situated, will all have topical relevance to present day and future challenges; equally our results will have resonance for future policy concerned with landscape planning and design.