QUANTITATIVE AND ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA

这个建议的目的是阐明形态学的数量 黑腹果蝇自然种群内和种群间的变异 这实际上是由于遗传变异， 这种形态时空变化的意义 物种在自然界中，并将这种变化与迁移行为。 第一个目标将通过测量遗传力来实现， 在自然界中，一个种群中有两个特征， 在实验室中以传统方式确定的遗传率。 在 此外，群体间性状的遗传力将由以下因素决定： 捕捉苍蝇沿着地理和海拔梯度，测量两个 自然界中苍蝇的特征，并将这些特征与 它们在实验室里培育的后代 这些研究将使我们能够确定 自然界中有多少形态上的变异是由于遗传 变异，受环境影响的程度，以及基因 和环境在自然界中相互作用。 此外， 似乎是由于种群之间的选择性差异造成的性状， 在实验室里研究，以确定选择的性质， 角色 自然种群间可能存在的选择性差异 也将通过研究重要生命的地理变异来检验 历史人物D.以及它们与温度的关系。 最后，讨论了两种植物地理变异的意义。melanogaster 和D.将通过测定pseudobscura 个体迁移和交换基因在相当长的距离， 自然 这种迁移的数量将表明， 在种群中，其他性状如等位酶可能归因于 自然选择，或者可能是由于随机遗传漂变。 这项工作 对人类进化和动物繁殖的影响，因为它形成了一个模型， 从表型推断基因型的问题系统 性质，以及基因型反应的规范。 这种事情出现了 在动物育种研究和差异讨论中， 人类亚群之间。 此外，迁移、漂移、 这里研究的选择与人类亚群有关。 在 此外，本文还研究了迁移、漂移和选择的相互作用， 与人类有关，人类已经成为基因 由于不明原因，面对数量不明的 迁移

The purpose of this proposal is to elucidate the amount of morphological variation within and among natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster which is actually due to genetic variation, to understand the selective significance of spatial and temporal variation of morphology of this species in nature, and to relate this variation to mi-gration behavior. The first objective will be accomplished by measuring the heritabilities of two traits within a population in nature, and to relate these to heritabilities determined in the traditional way in the laboratory. In addition, heritabilities of traits among populations will be determined by capturing flies along geographical and altitudinal gradients, measuring two characters on flies from nature, and relating these to the measurements on their laboratory-reared progeny. These studies will enable us to determine how much morphological variation seen in nature is due to genetic variation, how much to environmental influences, and the way in which genes and environment interact in nature. In addition, morphological patterns in traits which seem due to selective differences among populations will be studied in the laboratory to determine the nature of selection acting on the characters. Possible selective differences among natural populations will also be examined by studying geographic variation of important life history characters in D. melanogaster and their relation to temperature. Finally, the significance of geographic variation in both d. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura will be studied indirectly by determining the ability of individuals to migrate and exchange genes over substantial distances in nature. The amount of such migration will indicate whether differences among populations in other traits such as allozymes may be ascribed to natural selection, or may be due to random genetic drift. The work has implications for human evolution and animal breeding since it forms a model system for questions about the inference of genotype from phenotype in nature, and about norms of reaction of genotypes. Such matters arise frequently in animal breeding studies and discussions of differences between human subgroups. In addition, the interaction of migration, drift, and selection studied here is of relevance to human subgroups. In addition, the interaction of migration, drift, and selection studied here is of relevance to human populations, which have become genetically differentiated for unknown reasons in the face of unknown amounts of migration.