Resilience of pollinators in a changing world: impact of developmental environment on metabolism and energetic budgets in social and solitary bees

所有动物都需要在饮食中平衡关键营养素，如蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪，以促进生长、维持和繁殖。许多动物可以改变它们的食物偏好来调整它们的营养摄入。然而，不同的环境条件，如温度，可能需要不同的平衡。因此，动物在一个温度下喜欢的健康营养平衡在另一个温度下可能是不健康的-并且不是首选的。因此，更热的气候可能会改变动物在景观中的需求和偏好。对于传粉者来说，这是一个未经评估的，可能严重威胁到他们的健康和他们的授粉服务，我们依赖于我们的粮食安全。在全球范围内，三分之一的农作物依赖于动物授粉者，特别是蜜蜂对花朵的选择。蜜蜂从不同作物采集的花粉和花蜜，其碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪含量差异很大。蜜蜂的健康取决于获得适合条件的营养组合-但气候正在变暖，所以这种理想的组合可能会改变。至关重要的是，如果这影响了蜜蜂对花朵的选择，那么今天蜜蜂提供的授粉服务在更高的温度下可能就不一样了。我们需要了解改变蜜蜂偏好对它们的健康和它们提供的服务的影响。一旦我们了解了蜜蜂的饮食需求，以及这些需求在温暖的气候中可能如何变化，我们就可以设计出适当的、面向未来的缓解/干预措施。我们的首要目标是测量和模拟英国两种主要传粉者野生蜜蜂的营养和温度变化的影响。熊蜂（Bombus terrestris）是软果、豆类和番茄的重要商业授粉者;红梅森蜂（Osmia bicornis）是苹果和其他顶级水果的高效授粉者。它们共同代表了英国野生蜜蜂的两种截然不同的生活史。大黄蜂是社会性的：它们有工蚁在整个发育过程中为幼虫提供食物，并能控制巢穴的温度，从而控制幼仔的发育条件。红梅森蜂是独居的，在孵化前为幼虫提供单一的花粉球，并且除了选择合适的巢址之外，无法控制发育温度。（蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂质）和温度（现实的气候预测）影响生长、代谢率和存活率，在每个温度下为这些变量中的每一个建立最佳饮食。然后我们将测试当温度变化时，成虫是否能为幼虫保持最佳的饮食。这将提供有关蜜蜂社区是否能够适应不断变化的景观和气候的见解。它将首次测试供应成年蜜蜂是否对年轻人不断变化的营养需求做出动态反应，以及父母和幼虫如何相互作用以确保幼虫获得均衡的饮食。最后，我们将使用我们的数据来创建详细的能量预算模型，该模型将测试关于大黄蜂和梅森蜜蜂的不同生活方式如何成为应对气候变暖的不同生理方式的基础的假设，并且还将预测蜜蜂的花朵偏好随着气候变暖的变化。研究结果将为以下工作铺平道路：（1）根据蜜蜂不断变化的营养偏好，了解和预测哪些作物容易受到授粉不足的影响;（2）设计定制的、有针对性的管理干预措施，如授粉者特定的野花带。

All animals need a balance of key nutrients, such as protein, carbohydrate and fat, in their diets for growth, maintenance and reproduction. Many animals can alter their food preferences to adjust their intake of nutrients. However, different environmental conditions, such as temperature, may necessitate different balances. Consequently, a healthy nutrient balance that animals prefer at one temperature may be unhealthy - and not preferred - at another. Thus, a hotter climate may change animals' needs and preferences within a landscape. For pollinators this is an unassessed and possibly serious threat both to their health and their pollination services upon which we depend for our food security. Globally, one third of all crops rely on flower choices made by animal pollinators, especially bees. The pollen and nectar collected by bees from different crops vary widely in the content of carbohydrate, protein and fat content. Bees' health depends on access to a mix of nutrition appropriate for the conditions - but the climate is heating up, so this ideal mix may change. Crucially, if this affects bees' flower choices, then the pollination services bees provide today may not be the same at higher temperatures. We need to understand the implications of changing bee preferences on their health and on the services they provide. Once we understand bees' dietary needs, and how these needs might change in warmer climates, we can design appropriate, future-proof mitigation/intervention measures. Our overarching aim is to measure and model the effects of changing nutrition and temperature in two wild bee species that are key pollinators in the UK. Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) are important commercial pollinators of soft fruit, beans and tomatoes; red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) are highly effective pollinators of apples and other top fruit. Together they represent two contrasting life histories of UK wild bees. Bumblebees are social: they have workers that provision larvae throughout development, and that can control the temperature of their nest and therefore the developmental conditions of the brood. Red mason bees are solitary, provide larvae with a single pollen ball before hatching, and are unable to control developmental temperature beyond choosing a suitable nest site.In both species we will gather detailed data on how the combination of nutrition (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) and temperature (realistic climate projections) affects growth, metabolic rate and survival, establishing the best diet for each of these variables at each temperature. Then we will test whether adults can maintain optimal diets for larvae when the temperature changes. This will provide insights into whether bee communities provisioning their young will be resilient to changing landscapes and climates. It will test for the first time whether provisioning adult bees respond dynamically to changing nutritional needs of young, and therefore how parents and larvae interact to ensure larvae receive a balanced diet. Finally we will use our data to create detailed energy budget models, which will test hypotheses about how bumblebees' and mason bees' differing lifestyles may underlie different physiological ways of dealing with climate heating, and will also predict changes in bees' flower preferences as climates heat up. The results will pave the way for (1) understanding and predicting which crops are vulnerable to pollination deficits on the basis of bees' changing nutritional preferences, and (2) designing bespoke, targeted management interventions such as pollinator-specific wildflower strips.