22-ICRAD Call 2 Emerging porcine influenza and coronaviruses (EPICVIR)

流感和冠状病毒在人类中引起了一些最致命的大流行，而猪是主要的病毒宿主。甲型流感病毒和猪呼吸道冠状病毒都是猪的地方性传染病，但它们在致病性和免疫控制方面有所不同。牛是D型流感病毒的天然宿主，但它现在是猪身上的一种新出现的病毒，其发病机制仍未得到充分研究。A型猪流感病毒具有巨大且仍在增加的遗传多样性，许多“重组”（即在涉及不同病毒或病毒株的合并感染期间发生遗传交换）基因型同时传播，并且是一种经证实的人畜共患和大流行威胁。猪呼吸道冠状病毒和猪D型流感的大流行潜力尚不确定。在这个项目中，我们旨在回答有关这些病毒的传播性和致病性的问题。我们的目标是更好地了解这些病毒在猪之间以及从猪到雪貂的传播动力学（这可以作为人类的模型）。我们还旨在研究针对这些病毒的免疫反应，以及导致轻度或严重疾病的主要因素是什么。主要目的之一是确定这些病毒的人畜共患可能性（即这些病毒从非人类动物传播给人类的可能性），以及哪些病毒尤其具有较高的风险。为了做到这一点，我们的目标是通过使用相关的数学，计算和统计技术来整合来自不同实验的数据。我们的研究结果将有助于预测现有和新出现的猪流感病毒和猪呼吸道冠状病毒的人畜共患潜力、传播和致病性。

Influenza and coronaviruses have caused some of the deadliest pandemics in humans, and swine are key viral reservoirs. Influenza viruses of type A and porcine respiratory coronavirus are enzootic in swine, but they differ in pathogenicity and immune control. Cattle are the natural host of influenza D virus, but it is now an emerging virus in swine, and its pathogenesis remains underexplored. Swine Influenza viruses of type A have enormous and still increasing genetic diversity with many "reassortant" (i.e. when genetic exchange occurs during co-infection involving different viruses or viral strains) genotypes circulating simultaneously, and is a proven zoonotic and pandemic threat. The pandemic potential of porcine respiratory coronavirus and swine Influenza D is uncertain.In this project, we aim to answer questions about the transmissibility and pathogenicity of these viruses. We aim to better understand what the transmission dynamics of these viruses are between swine and from swine to ferrets (which can be used as a model for humans). We also aim to study the immune response against these viruses, and what are the main factors that tip the balance to mild or severe disease. One of the main aims is to determine the zoonotic potential (i.e. the potential for these viruses to jump from a non-human animal to humans) of these viruses, and which ones in particular pose a higher risk. To do this, we aim to integrate data arising from different experiments by using relevant mathematical, computational and statistical techniques. Our results will help predict the zoonotic potential, transmission, and pathogenicity of existing and emerging swine Influenza viruses and porcine respiratory coronaviruses.