Competitive Cities : The network and long-term impacts of fiscal management of transport demand

城市之间相互竞争。五十多年来，公共选择理论一直在探索城市竞争吸引和留住居民和企业的概念。同样，公共财政与税收竞争文献也指出了城市之间在税收和支出政策上的竞争。证据基础表明，“城市间的竞争增加了城市采取有限策略的可能性，而不是采取平衡或更进步的方法”。在交通运输部门，财政需求管理政策，如道路使用者收费、工作场所停车费和停车费，因此是城市可能竞争的问题。居民和企业都对收费制度变化的影响深感担忧。他们预见到的负面影响不仅会反过来影响运输决策，还会（从长远来看）影响选址决策。因此，对当地经济产生了间接影响，刺激了城市间的竞争。Buchan（2008）回顾了应对交通对气候变化影响的政策，得出的结论是，在全国范围内对新开发项目征收停车费是必要的，以“避免地方当局担心来自邻近当局的破坏性竞争”。因此，交通需求的财政管理显然是城市之间竞争的潜在来源，但很少有研究来指导我们这种竞争可能有多强，竞争压力有多少是真实的或感知的，以及它应该如何影响财政需求管理政策的设计、实施和整体有效性。我们的研究将研究围绕停车和收费政策的设计和实施的问题，更具体地着眼于竞争城市，旨在回答以下政策问题：—城市以何种方式使用财政需求管理政策进行竞争？城市应该如何设计政策，以实现个人和集体的“最佳”结果？城市应该考虑分享收入来源吗？它们应该竞争还是合作？这些政策对企业和居民在城市间的再分配有多重要？如果有的话，这些结果对需求管理政策的协调有什么影响？该研究将基于对选定城市的深度访谈和城市之间竞争的数学模型，涵盖短期和长期动态以及相关利益相关者的行为。

Cities compete with each other. For more than fifty years, Public Choice Theory has explored the notion that cities compete to attract and retain residents and businesses. Likewise, the Public Finance & Tax Competition literature identifies competition between cities on tax-and-spend policies. The evidence base suggests 'inter-city competition increases the likelihood cities will pursue a limited strategy versus a balanced or more progressive approach'. In the transport sector, fiscal demand management policies such as road user charging, workplace parking levies and parking charges are therefore issues upon which cities may compete. Both residents and businesses are deeply concerned about the implications of changes to charging regimes. The negative impacts they foresee may in turn influence not only transport decisions, but also (in the long run) location decisions. Thus, there are indirect impacts on the local economy, which provides a stimulus for inter-city competition. Buchan (2008), reviewing policies to combat climate change impacts from transport, concluded that a nationally-imposed parking charge on new developments was necessary, in order 'to avoid local authority fears of destructive competition from neighbouring authorities'. Fiscal management of transport demand is therefore a clear potential source of competition between cities, yet there is little research to guide us on how strong this competition might be, how much of the competitive pressure is real or perceived, and how it should affect the design, implementation and overall effectiveness of fiscal demand management policies. Our research will study the issues surrounding the design and implementation of parking and charging policies looking more specifically at competing cities with the aim to answer the following policy questions :- In what ways do and could cities compete using fiscal demand management policies? How should cities design their policies to achieve individual and collective 'best' outcomes? Should cities consider sharing revenue streams - should they compete or co-operate? How significant are these policies to the redistribution of business and residents between cities? What, if any, implications do the results have for the co-ordination of demand management policies?The research will be based on a mix of in-depth interviews with selected cities and mathematical models of competition between cities covering both short term and long term dynamics and behaviour of relevant stakeholders.