SANDPIT - 'Reflect': A feasibility study in experienced utility and travel behaviour

出行行为对改变表现出了相当大的阻力，但需要进行实质性的改变，因为仅靠技术创新不能确保减少排放。我们的重点是一种新的方式来参与并最终影响旅行行为。我们呼吁人们改善自己的主观幸福感(SWB)，而不是呼吁减排(这可能会让我们感觉与日常生活脱节)。借鉴体验效用(EU)的行为经济学概念和健康行为变化心理学，我们将这些观点与移动计算、创意技术、数学和以用户为中心的设计的专业知识结合起来，探索一种理解并潜在影响旅行行为的创新解决方案。我们通过智能手机平台开发了一个体验采样系统，用于收集和传递关于主观旅行体验的实时信息。在一系列小型对照试验中，我们向个人反馈关于他们自己和其他人的经历的信息，并探索这些干预是否以及如何改变行为。这个想法是用户知情的行为干预措施之一，以鼓励自我激励的改变，在这里，我们借鉴了成功的卫生干预措施的证据。以下是它可能看起来是什么样子。你疲倦地把车门关上，用手指摸着凹痕，艰难地走着，低下头，走到你的前门。把钥匙放在桌子上，一张疲惫的脸从走廊的镜子里向后凝视--还有多少白发？你瘫坐在扶手椅上，准备打开电视，你的智能手机嗡嗡作响。你知道这是什么。Reflect项目的那些人总是知道你什么时候到家，现在他们想知道你的感受。你点击几个按键，回应他们的提示，然后坐在椅子上小睡一会儿。你模糊地记起了雨滴落在窗玻璃上的声音。天空变暗了。电话嗡嗡作响，你跳了起来--一定是打瞌睡了。它肯定会是Reflect项目，它会提示你下载一份“你的旅行经历的展示”。你上周一直在听他们的演讲，他们只会让你的心情变得更糟。他们现在给我带来了什么？这很不寻常，“他们想让我尝试别人的经验？”你按下Play，就会有一张某人在公交车上阅读的照片，他们看起来很冷淡，打开iPod，背景音乐很放松……第二天早上，你醒来时，鸟儿的鸣叫声和柔和的阳光透过百叶窗偷偷进入。你脖子上的裂痕似乎消失了，雨也停了。通过半闭的眼睛，你回想起昨晚发生的事情。对别人的经历很感兴趣，你在反射系统上看了那个人的个人资料。无论他们是谁，他们显然住在附近，因为他们走的是同一条路进入市中心。每天，这个人报告的旅行体验都比你的更愉快。你能看到的唯一不同之处是他们坐公共汽车进城。你曾多次超过在站台等候的人：“马克杯，”你会想，在你的汽车的金属外壳中感到优越。“然而，我真的不喜欢我的旅行体验，而他们显然喜欢。”“我想知道……”。我们的项目旨在鼓励人们反思自己在定期旅行中的感受。我们不能保证我们在这项可行性研究中提出的干预措施将促进有益的变化。然而，我们探索它们如何影响人们对自己旅行行为的看法，并利用这种更好的理解来设计将促进变化的干预措施。

Travel behaviours have shown considerable resistance to change, but substantial change is needed because reduced emissions cannot be secured from technical innovation alone. Our focus is on a new way to engage with, and ultimately influence, travel behaviours. Instead of appealing to emission reduction (which can feel removed from our everyday experiences), we appeal to people's wish to improve their own subjective well-being (SWB). Drawing on the behavioural economics concept of experienced utility (EU) and the psychology of health behaviour change, we combine these perspectives with expertise from mobile computing, creative technologies, mathematics and user-centred design to explore an innovative solution to understanding and potentially influencing travel behaviour. We develop an experience sampling system via a smartphone platform for the collection and delivery of real-time information on subjective travel experience. In a series of small controlled trials we feedback information to individuals about their own experiences, and those of others, and we explore whether and how these interventions change behaviour. The idea is one of user-informed behavioural interventions to encourage self-motivated change, and here we draw on evidence from successful interventions in health. Here is what it might look like. You wearily push the car door shut, run your fingers over the dent and trudge, head down, to your front door. Placing your keys on the table, a tired face stares back from the hallway mirror - how many more grey hairs? Slumped in your armchair about to switch on the TV, your smartphone buzzes. You know what it is. Those people at the REFLECT project always know when you've arrived home and now they want to know how you feel. You tap a few keys in response to their prompts and then settle back in the chair for a snooze. You dimly register the spattering of rain on the windowpanes. The sky darkens ... The phone buzzes and you jerk up - must have dozed off. It's bound to be the REFLECT project prompting you with a reminder to download a 'representation of your travel experience'. You'd been listening to them over the last week and they'd only made your mood worse. What have they got for me now? That's unusual, "they want me to try someone else's experience?" You press play, and there's a picture of someone reading on a bus, they look very chilled, ipod on, the background music is relaxing ... Next morning you wake to the twitter of birds and soft sunlight stealing through the shutters. That crick in your neck seems to have gone and it's stopped raining. Through half-closed eyes you think back through the events of last night. Intrigued by someone else's experience, you had looked at that person's profile on the REFLECT system. Whoever they were, they clearly lived nearby because they took the same route into the centre of town. Every day, the travel experience this person had reported was consistently more pleasant than yours. The only difference you could see was that they took the bus into town. You'd many times passed people waiting at the stops: "Mugs," you'd thought, feeling superior in the metallic enclosure of your car. "Yet, I really don't enjoy my travel experience and they clearly do." "I wonder...".Our project aims to encourage people to reflect on how they feel during regular journeys. We are not promising that the interventions that we deliver in this feasibility study will promote beneficial change. However, we explore how they influence the way people think about their travel behaviour, and use this improved understanding to design interventions that will promote change.