TeraWatt: Large scale Interactive coupled 3D modelling for wave and tidal energy resource and environmental impact (Remit 1 MASTS Consortium Proposal)

苏格兰拥有丰富的波浪和潮汐能资源，处于海洋可再生技术和海洋能源开发的前沿。下一阶段将看到这些波浪和潮汐设备以阵列的形式部署，许多地点正在开发中。尽管开发商已经与皇家地产公司签订了海底租赁协议，但所有项目仍需遵守《苏格兰海洋法》（2010）的许可要求。作为许可安排的一部分，设备和阵列附近的环境影响将在每个开发商必须进行的环境影响评估过程中得到解决。然而，至关重要的是，管理当局必须了解一些多地点的发展如何在更广泛的区域内对物理和生物过程产生集体影响，既涉及发展的累积效应，也涉及海洋规划责任。在区域范围内，仔细选择场址可使资源得到最佳利用，同时将任何环境影响减至可接受的程度。太瓦特联盟是由苏格兰海洋科学与技术联盟（mast）与赫瑞瓦特大学、爱丁堡大学、格拉斯哥大学、斯特拉斯克莱德大学、高地和岛屿大学以及苏格兰海洋科学大学（MSS）共同赞助成立的。该联盟得到了海洋可再生能源开发商在许多方面工作的支持和充分参与。该研究计划是专门针对苏格兰海洋科学提出的问题而设计的，该组织负责向许可当局提供科学建议。特别是以下问题：(1)评估波浪和潮汐资源及其能源开采对其影响的最佳方法是什么？(2)波浪和潮汐能提取的物理后果是什么？(3)波浪和潮汐能开采的生态后果是什么？这项研究的首要目标是产生一套方法，以便更好地理解和评估能源开采对资源的改变及其对物理和生态的影响。在Pentland Firth和Orkney Waters等关键开发区域使用这些工具的说明，以及它们作为工具的可用性，将加速阵列的部署。太瓦特研究计划分为4个工作流程。第一个项目由MSS领导，将整理所有必要的数据，与开发商一起开发假设的多站点阵列配置，并评估影响的接受标准。由爱丁堡大学领导的第二个项目将以必要的分辨率使用波浪和潮汐的分离和耦合模型，以考虑对资源的多地点阵列效应，为工作流程3和4提供重要输入，这些工作流程将依次解决影响沉积物，海岸线和海床的物理过程的空间变化（由格拉斯哥和斯特拉斯克莱德领导），以及影响海底生物的空间变化。它们的分布及其对其他生态过程的重要性（由赫瑞瓦特大学领导）。每个工作流程将提供对所使用的方法的审查，这些方法将被综合到一个方法工具箱中。在可能的情况下，所有用于说明这些方法的区域尺度模型都将通过现场数据进行验证，为此，在MSS和海洋可再生能源开发商的支持下，该联盟已经收集了现有的和以前没有的数据。太瓦特项目将由mast管理，设想工业界直接参与其工作的各个方面，并计划进行一些更广泛的知识交流和利益相关者参与活动。

Scotland has substantial wave and tidal energy resources and is at the forefront of the development of marine renewable technologies and ocean energy exploitation. The next phase will see these wave and tidal devices deployed in arrays, with many sites being developed. Although developers have entered into agreements with The Crown Estate for seabed leases, all projects remain subject to licensing requirements under the Marine Scotland Act (2010).As part of the licensing arrangements, environmental effects in the immediate vicinity of devices and arrays will be addressed in the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) process that each developer must undertake. It is essential, however, that the regulatory authorities understand how a number of multi-site developments collectively impact on the physical and biological processes over a wider region, both in relation to cumulative effects of the developments and marine planning responsibilities. At a regional scale, careful selection of sites may enable the optimum exploitation of the resource while minimising any environmental impacts to an acceptable level.The TeraWatt Consortium has been established through the auspices of The Marine Alliance for Science & Technology for Scotland (MASTS) with Heriot-Watt University, and the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Strathclyde, the Highlands and Islands and Marine Scotland Science (MSS). The consortium has the support and anticipates the full engagement of the marine renewable developers in many aspects of the work. The research programme has been designed to specifically respond to questions posed by Marine Scotland Science, the organisation responsible for providing scientific advice to the licensing authority. In particular to the following questions: (1) What is the best way to assess the wave and tidal resource and the effects of energy extraction on it? (2) What are the physical consequences of wave and tidal energy extraction? (3) What are the ecological consequences of wave and tidal energy extraction? The overarching objective of the research is to generate a suite of methodologies that can provide better understandings of, and be used to assess, the alteration of the resource from energy extraction, and of the physical and ecological consequence. Illustration of the use of these in key development area, such as the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters, and their availability as tools will enable the acceleration of array deployments.The TeraWatt research programme is structured in 4 workstreams. The first, led by MSS, will collate all necessary data to be used, develop the hypothetical multi-site array configurations in conjunction with developers and evaluate acceptance criteria for impacts. The second led by Edinburgh University will use separate and coupled models of wave and tide at a resolution necessary to consider multi-site array effects on the resource, providing important inputs to workstreams 3 and 4 which will address in turn, the spatial changes in physical processes affecting sediments, the shoreline and seabed (led by Glasgow and Strathclyde), and the spatial changes affecting organisms living in the seabed, their distribution and the significance of these for other ecological processes (led by Heriot-Watt University). Each workstream will provide reviews of the methodologies used which will be synthesised into a single methods toolbox. Where possible all regional scale modelling, used to illustrate these methodologies, will be validated by field data and the consortium has assembled both existing and data not previously available, for this purpose with the support of MSS and marine renewable developers. The TeraWatt project, which will be managed by MASTS, envisages direct participation from industry in various aspects of its work, and has a number of wider knowledge exchange and stakeholder engagement activities planned.