ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD

在18岁到24岁之间，犯罪的流行率下降 很明显。人们普遍认为，违法者之所以成为失足姐妹，是因为 青年时期的发展转变：婚姻，一种新的 家庭和工作。然而，很少有经验描述 这一过程。与此同时，大多数罪犯放弃了 犯罪对于更亲社会的生活方式来说，个人数量更少 将他们的犯罪生涯延续到青壮年及以后。这些 坚持的人被认为有很高的犯规率，而且经常是暴力的。 目前尚不清楚为什么犯罪坚持者可以免于驯服 成人转变的影响可能有助于其他人戒烟。 犯罪学理论，专注于反社会的起源 行为，不能解释生命过程中的显著差异 青年时期的犯罪，这是已知的最有力的事实之一 关于犯罪。拟议的研究计划在以下方面提供了创新 理论和实证研究。 我们建议在21岁时跟踪调查达尼丁新监狱的1000名成员 新西兰多学科健康与发展纵向研究，以及 他们的新配偶和孩子。这个样本是一个具有代表性的新生儿 以前有反社会行为的男性和女性的队列 在3岁、5岁、7岁、9岁、11岁、13岁、15岁和18岁学习。补充现有的 关于这方面的社会、心理和生物变量的数据库 我们将收集关于以下方面的新数据：自我报告、同行报告和 公务犯罪、精神障碍、吸毒、性和生殖 行为，以及家庭内对配偶的反社会行为 孩子们。这些结果将与有关时间和时间的新数据有关 年轻人转型的质量：教育、工作、财务、 同居和婚姻，生育，育儿，社交网络， 住所变更、疾病和残疾。这项研究将是 首先描述了自然历史中的反社会行为 个体，男性和女性，从婴儿期到成年期。 对本课题数据的收集和分析具有一定的指导意义 根据在NIMH支持的前6年中开发的一种新理论。这个 理论在本质上既是发展的，也是分类的。它提出了两个 反社会参与的不同类型：“终生坚持不懈 “反社会行为”和“青春期--有限犯罪”。 这两种类型在病因、发育过程、人口学上都不同 分布、介入的预后以及在分类中 他们的行为要么是病态的，要么是适应性的。新西兰的后续行动 21岁的样本将允许测试一组生成的点预测 从理论上来说。通过将犯罪中止和犯罪坚持联系起来 从出生到成年的生活史数据，这项拟议的研究 渴望在研究设计和理论测试方面取得一些进展，并 得出对干预政策具有实际意义的研究结果。

Between ages 18 and 24, the prevalence of criminal offending decreases sharply. It is commonly believed that delinquents become desisters because of the developmental transitions of young adulthood: marriage, a new family, and employment. However, there are few empirical descriptions of this process. At the same time that the majority of delinquents abandon crime for more pro-social lifestyles, a smaller number of individuals continue their crime careers into young adulthood and beyond. These persisters are thought to have high offense rates and to be often violent. It is not known why criminal persisters are exempt from the taming influence of adult transitions that presumably help others to desist. Criminological theories, preoccupied with the origins of antisocial behavior, fail to account for the marked divergence in the lifecourses of delinquents during young adulthood, one of the most robust facts known about crime. The proposed program of research offers innovations in theory and empirical research. We propose to follow up at age 21 the 1,000 members of the Dunedin New Zealand Multidisciplinary Health and Developmental Longitudinal Study, and their new spouses and children. The sample is a representative birth cohort of males and females whose antisocial behavior has been previously studied at ages 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 18. To complement the existing data base of social, psychological, and biological variables on this cohort, we shall collect new data on: self-reported, peer-reported and official crime, mental disorder, substance use, sexual & reproductive behavior, and intra-familial antisocial behavior toward spouses and children. These outcomes will be related to new data on the timing and quality of young adult transitions: education, work, finances, cohabitation and marriage, child-bearing, parenting, social networks, residence change, and illness and disability. The research will be the first to describe the natural history of antisocial behavior in the same individuals, male and female, from infancy to adulthood. The collection and analysis of data in this program of research are guided by a new theory developed during the first 6 years of NIMH support. The theory is both developmental and taxonomic in nature. It proposes two distinct types of antisocial involvement: "Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior" and "Adolescence-Limited Delinquency". I have argued that the two types differ in etiology, developmental course, demographic distribution, prognosis for intervention, and in the classification of their behavior as either pathological or adaptive. The follow up of the NZ sample at age 21 will allow tests of a set of point predictions generated from the theory. By linking criminal desistence and criminal persistence to life history data from birth to young adulthood, the proposed research aspires to make some advances in research design and theory-testing, and to yield findings that are of practical relevance for intervention policy.