Consortium for Modelling and Analysis of Decentralised Energy Storage (C-MADEnS)

大约80%的英国人口生活在城市地区，城市约占英国能源消耗的70%。因此，人们越来越认识到城市在解决关键能源和环境目标方面的重要性。然而，要实现这些目标，将需要对大部分城市基础设施进行调整和更新，以满足城市居民日益增长的能源服务需求，同时向低碳经济转型。城市基础设施的两个关键挑战是：(I)满足(低碳)电力需求的预期增长(包括新的供热和交通需求来源)，同时整合各种(往往是可变的)可再生能源供应选择(包括建设集成的光伏和风力系统)和(Ii)增加家庭和办公室的低碳供热(和潜在的冷却)比例，各种形式的分散式电力和储热可在应对这些挑战方面发挥重要作用，方法包括在从几秒钟到几天的时间内帮助匹配供需，最大限度地利用现有和新的基础设施，在热能和电力系统之间建立联系，以便在两者之间进行权衡，并确保能源供应的安全。然而，我们目前对城市环境中分散式电力和热能储存的最佳部署配置和应用、为消除部署障碍而需要对政策和监管环境进行的任何改变、可能构成商业主张的商业模式和收入来源以及公众对部署不同类型存储的态度了解甚少。这项计划将使用各种工具和方法，包括技术验证、技术经济模型、创新研究和公众态度调查，解决城市规模储能部署的具体障碍，并通过一些案例研究，分析在伯明翰和利兹部署储能的机会，展示这些方法和工具。我们方法的新颖性和冒险之处既可以在个人工作包中找到，也可以在将调查结果整合在一起并应用于案例研究的方式中找到。因此，例如，我们的技术经济模型将基于实验室和现场试验的验证数据，而不是来自文献的理想化数据，考虑特定的(而不是通用的)分布式能量存储技术；我们在政策、监管和商业模型方面的工作将借鉴我们的项目合作伙伴的真实世界经验，试图在当前和可能的未来市场条件下运营分布式能量存储，而我们关于公众态度的工作将是英国第一个研究分布式能量存储的此类研究。

Around 80% of the UK population lives in urban areas, with cities being responsible for about 70% of UK energy use. As a consequence, the importance of cities in tackling key energy and environmental targets is increasingly being recognised. However, meeting these targets will require much of the urban infrastructure to be adapted and renewed to meet the increasing demands for energy services from city residents, while making the transition to a low-carbon economy. Two key challenges for urban infrastructure are: (i) meeting the expected increase in demand for (low carbon) electricity (including new sources of demand for heat and transport), while integrating a variety of (often variable) renewable supply options (including building integrated PV and wind systems) and (ii) increasing the proportion of low carbon heat (and potentially coolth) supply to homes and offices, with likely sources of low carbon heat including air source heat pumps and combined heat and power and district heating schemes using biomass and waste heat.Various forms of decentralised electricity and heat storage could play an important role in meeting these challenges through helping to match supply and demand over periods from seconds to days, maximising the utilisation of existing and new infrastructure, providing links between heat and electricity systems so allowing trade-offs between the two and ensuring secure energy supplies. However, we currently have a poor understanding of the optimal deployment configurations and applications for decentralised electricity and heat storage within the urban environment, any changes to the policy and regulatory environment that would be needed to remove barriers to their deployment, the business models and revenue streams that might make a commercial proposition and the public attitudes to the deployment of different types of storage.This project will use a variety of tools and methods, including technology validation, techno-economic modelling, innovation studies and public attitude surveys, to address specific barriers to the deployment of city-scale energy storage and demonstrate these methods and tools through a number of case studies analysing opportunities for energy storage deployment in the cities of Birmingham and Leeds. The novelty and adventure of our approach can be found both within the individual work packages and in the way that the findings are integrated together and applied in the case studies. So for example, our techno-economic modelling will consider specific (rather than generic) distributed energy storage technologies based on validated data from laboratory and field trials and not idealised data from the literature; our work on policy, regulatory and business models will draw on the real-world experience of our project partners in trying to make a business from operating distributed energy storage in current and likely future market conditions and our work on public attitudes will be the first study of its kind in the UK to examine distributed energy storage.