The 'Total Performance' of Low Carbon Buildings in China and the UK ('TOP')

成功实现紧迫的碳减排目标将需要建筑性能的重大转变。建筑物存量的复杂性，建筑物在人们生活中的重要性，以及负责的代理人的广泛性，都使建筑物成为“政策阻力”的重要领域。由于我们对建筑存量作为一个动态复杂系统的理解存在局限性，政策可能无法实现其预期目标，甚至使预期结果恶化。这种限制可能会导致一系列结果中的“意外后果”。关于建筑物能源性能的“性能差距”的概念现在已经很好地建立起来，并且已经进行了开始有用的工作来理解这个具有挑战性的问题。然而，与能源/室内环境质量（IEQ）相互关联的问题相关的潜在意外后果提出了一个更大和更复杂的挑战-这一挑战在英国和中国越来越重要。为了降低建筑物的能源需求和碳排放，同时保障生产力和健康，我们的工作将从研究建筑物的设计和建造以及它们在国际上的使用和运营的对比环境开始开始。我们将讨论与能源/IEQ相关的政策和监管制度，以及所使用的评估技术和建筑物的使用方式。然后，我们将在这一分析的基础上，在这两个国家开展初步监测活动，以比较两种不同情况下相同类型建筑的性能。我们将评估能源/IEQ性能在建筑类型和国家之间的差异。这项工作将有助于建立一个与相互关联的业绩差距有关的独特数据库。这一初步监测工作还将使我们能够为下一阶段的工作确定最合适的建筑物，该工作将整合监测和建模方法。这一阶段的工作将开发半自动化建筑评估方法、技术和工具，以快速表征可能的病理，从而确定最具成本效益的途径，以纠正能源/IEQ表现不佳的根本原因。然而，能源/IEQ问题并不形成一个封闭的系统。在制定相关政策和法规时，考虑更广泛的系统至关重要，我们建议开展第二批工作来解决这个问题。伦敦大学学院的团队在住房部门开展了试点工作，作为EPSRC资助的平台赠款（“建筑环境脱碳的意外后果”）的一部分。我们成功地采用了参与式系统动力学方法，拥有超过50个利益相关者的团队，我们将在这里将这项工作扩展到其他建筑类型。这种方法可以帮助支持复杂系统中的决策，解决TOP工作的核心挑战。如果成功的话，它将在理解和提高低碳建筑的整体性能方面起到引领作用，并有助于制定相关的有效政策和法规，以向未来的低碳城市过渡。清华大学和伦敦大学学院拥有合适的互补性世界领先的专业知识来承担这项工作，并形成长期的“最佳与最佳”学术合作。伦敦大学学院的巴特利特在英国的研究“权力”和环境方面排名第一;清华大学建筑学院在2003年，2008年和2011年的国家建筑评估中排名第一。这两个国家的团体都有广泛的利益攸关方网络，因此项目的产出将得到广泛和适当的传播。

Meeting pressing carbon emission reduction targets successfully will require a major shift in the performance of buildings. The complexity of the building stock, the importance of buildings in people's lives, and the wide spectrum of agents responsible all make buildings an important area of 'policy resistance'. Policies may fail to achieve their intended objective, or even worsen desired outcomes, because of limitations in our understanding of the building stock as a dynamically complex system. This limitation can lead to 'unintended consequences' across a range of outcomes. The concept of the 'performance gap' with regards to the energy performance of buildings is now well established and useful work to begin to understand this challenging issue has been undertaken. However, potential unintended consequences related to the inter-linked issues of energy/Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) present an even greater and more complex challenge - a challenge that is gaining increasing importance in the UK and China. There are exciting opportunities to address this issue of 'total performance' in order to reduce the energy demand and carbon emissions of buildings whilst safeguarding productivity and health.Our work will begin by examining the contrasting context within which buildings have been designed and constructed and within which they are used and operated internationally. We will address the policies and regulatory regimes that relate to energy/IEQ but also the assessment techniques used and the ways that buildings are utilised. We will then build on this analysis by undertaking an initial monitoring campaign in both countries to allow comparisons between the performance of the same types of building in the two different contexts. We will evaluate how energy/IEQ performance varies between building type and country. This work will enable the assembly of a unique database relating to the interlinked performance gaps. This initial monitoring work will also allow us to identify the most suitable buildings for the next stage of the work that will integrate monitoring and modelling approaches. This phase of the work will develop semi-automated building assessment methods, technologies and tools to enable rapid characterisation of probable pathologies to determine the most cost-effective route to remedy the underlying root causes of energy/IEQ underperformance. Energy/IEQ issues do not form a closed system however. In the development of relevant policies and regulations, it is vital to consider the wider system and we propose a second stream of work to address this. The team at UCL has undertaken pilot work within the housing sector as part of the EPSRC funded Platform Grant ('The unintended consequences of decarbonising the built environment'). We successfully employed a participatory system dynamics approach with a team of over 50 stakeholders and we will extend that work here to other building typologies. Such an approach can help support decision-making in complex systems, addressing challenges central to the TOP work.The proposed work is tremendously challenging and exciting. If successful it will lead the way in understanding and improving the total performance of low carbon buildings and help to develop relevant effective policies and regulations in the transition towards future Low Carbon Cities.Tsinghua and UCL have the suitable complementary world-leading expertise to undertake this work and form a long-term 'best with best' academic collaboration. The Bartlett at UCL is rated first in terms of research 'power' and environment in the UK; the Tsinghua University School of Architecture was ranked first in China in the National Assessment on Architecture in 2003, 2008, and 2011. The groups in both countries have extensive stakeholder networks and the outputs of the project will thus be communicated widely and appropriately.