External Heat Engine mCHP

建筑业占世界总能耗的60%以上，而国内建筑所占的份额约为20- 40%。所消耗的能源主要用于供暖、制冷和通风，大大增加了化石燃料的消耗，从而导致二氧化碳的排放。热电联产（CHP）系统发电并利用热副产品为建筑物供暖。目前，热电联产系统的综合效率高达80%，住宅和小企业的账单可以减少20- 40%，碳排放量可以减少30%。它们还提供燃料灵活性，并且作为一个独立的系统，减少了对集中供电和配电系统的需求。目前英国热电联产实施的路线图将在2030年之前产生85- 86 TWh/a的一次能源节约，节约10- 14 Mt/a。mCHP市场目前由斯特林、ICE和ORC系统提供服务，所有这些系统都存在限制广泛mCHP安装的重大问题。由于独特的几何形状和控制系统应用于高效的爱立信循环，拟议的ECHP系统将导致显著的节能（超过40%），二氧化碳排放量减少，并将比目前的mCHP系统效率高出约30%。ECHP将使用氦气，消除对HFCs的需求。作为一个外部热力发动机，允许使用各种燃料，从天然气，汽油，柴油，沼气，生物质等，小尺寸和安静，无振动的操作允许翻新现有的建筑股票，该系统可以安装在有限的锅炉空间。如果获得成功，这一全新级别的mCHP将非常适合联合王国的新建和现有建筑物，并具有：（a）高效率;（B）低维护;（c）静音和低振动;（d）不含氢氟碳化合物;（e）紧凑设计;（f）采用简单、消费者友好的GUI界面，实现最佳系统控制;以及（g）使用外部热源，允许使用各种燃料。建议的ECHP系统预计具有以下技术优势：一种系统，该系统包括优化的压缩机和膨胀机几何形状以接近等温操作，计算机控制各个转子电动机-发电机以优化循环效率和更快的开始操作时间，燃烧室、膨胀机、同流换热器和压缩机的系统集成以获得最大效率，并结合GUI控制的优化控制算法，创建了适合理论论证和研究开发的mCHP。研究将开始与理论概念的描述有关的理想爱立信循环。将对系统组件进行建模，以包括各种几何形状。使用开发的计算机分析程序和计算流体动力学，转子设计，移植，和换热器部件设计将作为单独的组件，然后作为一个集成系统进行优化。计算机模拟模型将用于预测ECHP系统的热和电性能。该过程将通过考虑ECHP系统的不同参数和功率输出效率的影响来执行系统的优化研究。将根据需要评价参数和组件的变更。只有当系统的可行性得到证明时，才会制造组件并开发电子控制硬件/软件。将对组件和整个系统进行评估。一个实验室规模的3 kW ECHP将被制造和评估。这项研究的结果将验证理论建模，显着增加外部热机的知识体系，并确定拟议概念的技术可行性，旨在超越当前的系统效率并接近卡诺效率。

Building sector accounts for more than 60% of total energy consumption in the world, while the share of domestic buildings is about 20-40%. The energy consumed is mostly utilised for heating, cooling and ventilation purposes, contributing massively to fossil fuels consumption and thus CO2 emissions. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems generate electricity and harness the heat by-product for heating of buildings. Currently CHP systems deliver a combined efficiency of up to 80%, residential and small business bills can be reduced by 20-40%, and carbon production can be reduced by 30%. They also offer fuel flexibility, and being an independent system, reduce demand on centralised power supply and distribution systems. The current roadmap for UK CHP implementation will, by 2030, yield primary energy savings of 85-86TWh/a with a savings of 10-14Mt/a. The mCHP market is currently served by Stirling, ICE, and ORC systems, all of which have significant issues that limit wide mCHP installations. The proposed ECHP system will lead to significant energy savings (greater than 40%), CO2 emissions reduction and will be approximately 30% more efficient than current mCHP systems due to unique geometry and control system applied to the highly efficient Ericsson cycle. The ECHP will use Helium, eliminating the need for HFCs. Being an external heat engine allows the use of a variety of fuels from gas, petrol, diesel, biogas, biomass, etc. The small size and silent, vibration free operation allows renovating existing building stock where the system could be installed in constrained boiler spaces. If successful, the entirely new class of mCHP will be ideally suited for new and existing UK buildings and have: (a) high efficiency; (b) low maintenance; (c) silent and low vibration; (d) HFC free; (e) compact design; (f) implementation of a simple, consumer friendly GUI interface allowing optimal system control; and (g) use external heat source, allowing a wide variety of fuels. The proposed ECHP system is expected to have the following technical advantages: a system incorporating optimised compressor and expander geometry to approach isothermal operation, computer control of individual rotor motor-generators to optimise cycle efficiency and quicker start to operation times, system integration of combustion chamber, expander, recuperator, and compressor for maximum efficiency, and an optimized control algorithm with GUI control to create a mCHP suitable for demonstration of the theory and research development. Research will begin with description of the theoretical concept in relation to the ideal Ericsson cycle. System components will be modelled, to include various geometries. Using developed computer analysis programs and CFD, rotor design, porting, and recuperator component designs will be optimised as individual components then as an integrated system. Computer simulation models will be used to predict the thermal and electrical performance of the ECHP system. This process will perform an optimisation study of the system by taking into account the influence of different parameters of the ECHP system and power output efficiency. Changes to the parameters and components will be evaluated as required. Only when the feasibility of the system is proven, components will be fabricated and electronic control hardware/software will be developed. The components and then the complete systems will be evaluated. A lab scale 3kW ECHP will be fabricated and evaluated. The outputs of this research will validate the theoretical modelling, significantly increase the body of knowledge of external heat engines and determine the technical feasibility of the proposed concept which aims to surpass current systems efficiencies and approach Carnot efficiency.