SPIMEC: Sanctuary Policies for Irregular Migrants in European Cities

在边境关闭和移民法限制的时代，许多欧洲城市制定了“庇护政策”（SPs），以支持越来越多的具有非正规移民身份的居民。通过SPs，地方政府打破了民族国家对移民和公民身份的垄断，挑战了对自由民主国家治理的传统理解。欧洲城市非正规移民庇护政策（SPIMEC）的核心问题是解释欧洲非正规移民的种类、驱动因素和影响。SPIMEC结合了多个学科的见解，认为地方政府处于自下而上的政治动员和自上而下的制度限制的十字路口。这些不同的、往往相互矛盾的力量塑造了SPs的机会和制约因素。SPIMEC依赖于三重比较研究设计，分析了不同国家背景下的SPs（西北、南欧和中东欧）；(2)当地背景（就城市政治和社会而言），以及(3)随着时间的推移（将“难民危机”、英国脱欧和COVID-19视为政策变化的潜在转折点）。一项量化的big - n研究利用现有的数据集和二手文献，对欧洲95个最大的城市进行了比较。接下来，一项基于原始实地调查数据的高质量定量Small-N研究放大了四个城市的案例。SPIMEC旨在为移民研究做出及时、紧急和开创性的贡献。它将产生关于欧洲SPs的独特经验数据，为促进移民融合提供信息城市所需的信息，以及关于城市政治和更广泛的多层次治理的新理论见解。从实质性的角度来看，解决这一差距至关重要。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，被排斥和被忽视的状况比以往任何时候都更加重要，SPIMEC应向支持非正规移民的利益攸关方提供政策建议。

In times of closed borders and restrictive immigration laws, many European cities have enacted "sanctuary policies" (SPs) to support the growing number of residents with irregular migration status. Through SPs, local governments disrupt the monopoly of nationstates over immigration and citizenship, challenging conventional understandings of governance in liberal democracies. The core question of Sanctuary Policies for Irregular Migrants in European Cities (SPIMEC) is to explain the varieties, drivers, and impacts of SPs in Europe. Bridging insights from multiple disciplines, SPIMEC theorises that local governments are situated at the crossroad of political mobilisation from the bottom up and institutional restrictions from the top down. These different, often contradictory forces shape the opportunities and constraints for SPs. SPIMEC relies on a threefold comparative research design, analysing SPs across (1) national contexts (in North-West, South, and Central-East Europe); (2) local contexts (in terms of city politics and society), and (3) over time (looking at the "refugee crisis", Brexit, and COVID-19 as potential turning points for policy change). A quantitative Large-N study compares Europe's 95 largest cities, drawing on existing datasets and secondary literature. Next, a quali-quantitative Small-N study zooms in on four city-cases based on original fieldwork data. SPIMEC aims to make a timely, urgent, and path-breaking contribution to migration studies. It will produce unique empirical data on European SPs to provide the information cities need to promote migrant integration, as well as new theoretical insights on urban politics and multi-level governance more broadly. Addressing this gap is of utmost importance from a substantive point of view. SPIMEC shall provide policy recommendations to stakeholders supporting irregular migrants, whose condition of exclusion and invisibility is more relevant than ever amid the COVID-19 pandemic.