Essential Asymmetries of Nature

《不对称》解决了一些关于自然和人类身份的最基本的问题：宇宙是由什么组成的？这些选民遵守什么法律？宇宙是如何演化成我们所观察到的样子的？这些问题支撑着科学，吸引着一些最敏锐的头脑。对自然基本规律的探索。尽管自发现电子以来，人们对自然的认识取得了很大进展，但宇宙及其运行机制的大部分仍有待发现：中微子（Nus）是已知最丰富的粒子，但它们质量的来源仍然无法解释;费米子世代的数量及其极不对称的光谱没有合理性;我们有暗物质（DM）的证据，但我们不知道它是由什么粒子组成的;粒子和反粒子以一种微妙的方式（所谓的CP破坏）表现出不同的行为，导致宇宙中只有重子而没有反重子，但我们忽略了这是如何发生的;暗能量主导着宇宙的能量平衡，但它的性质是未知的。这些问题无法在当前的粒子和相互作用图景中找到答案--标准模型（SM）--并体现了第一个（也是迄今为止唯一的）观测证据，表明SM需要扩展到一个具有新粒子和力的更基本的理论。在自然界中发现的对称性，无论是显性的还是隐性的，都是我们深入了解其基本定律的根源。然而，观察到的不对称性--与这种精确模式的偏离--是其美丽的核心，也是解释可见宇宙如何形成以及我们是由什么组成的核心。众所周知的例子包括宇宙的物质-反物质不对称性，以及粒子物理学中观察到的宇称和电荷共轭的破坏。非对称性侧重于深入理解这些不对称性，并揭示尚未发现的新的基本对称性，以解释主要的开放性问题，以及它们所作用的粒子，特别是在由中微子，暗物质和其他难以捉摸的粒子组成的不可见部分。该团队在多学科方法中强烈关注这一探索：主要是现象学研究，尽管我们在SuperKamiokande，LEGEND），XENON等关键实验和Fermilab，DESY和LBNL等关键实验室中担任领导职务。对称性（及其破缺）是宇宙如何在最基本的层面上运作的基础。它们决定了粒子可以具有什么性质以及它们如何相互作用。局域（规范）对称性解释了强、弱和电磁力。由于2012年希格斯玻色子的发现，我们已经证实了规范对称性的破缺是粒子质量的原因，希格斯相互作用是族对称性破缺的基础。新的隐（a）对称性很可能有上面讨论的基本问题的答案。发现它们是非对称性的最终目标，目标是隐藏的（a）对称性，以及它们所作用的粒子，特别是在不可见的部分，由中微子，暗物质和其他难以捉摸的粒子组成，如可能的轴子和其他粒子。

ASYMMETRY addresses some of the most fundamental questions about Nature and human identity: what is the Universe made of? What laws do these constituents obey? How did the Universe evolve to be what we observe? These questions underpin science and attract some of the sharpest minds.The quest for the basic laws of Nature. In spite of all the progress in understanding Nature sincethe discovery of electrons, most of the Universe and its working awaits discovery: Neutrinos (Nus) are the most abundant known particle, but the origin of their masses remains unexplained; there is no rationale for the number of fermion generations and its wildly asymmetric spectrum; we have evidence of Dark Matter (DM) but we do not know what particle makes it up; particles and antiparticles behave differently in a subtle way (the so-called CP-violation) resulting in the Universe having only baryons and not antibaryons, but we ignore how this came to be; Dark Energy dominates the energy balance of the Universe but its nature is unknown. These questions cannot find answers in the current picture of particles and interactions --the Standard Model (SM)-- and embody the first (and so far only) observational evidence that the SM needs to be extended to a more fundamental theory with new particles and forces.The symmetries identified in Nature, explicit or hidden, are at the root of our knowledge in depth of its fundamental laws. Nevertheless, observed asymmetries -departures from that exact pattern-- are at the very heart of its beauty and of the explanation of how the visible Universe came to be, and what we are made of. Well known examples include the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe and the violation of parity and charge conjugation observed in particle physics. ASYMMETRY focuses on the deep understanding of those asymmetries and also on revealing the new fundamental (a)symmetries yet to be discovered to explain major open questions, and the particles on which they act, in particular in the invisible sector, made of neutrinos, dark matter and other elusive particles. The team is strongly focused on this quest within a multidisciplinary approach: mainly phenomenological studies although we bundle in leadership on key experiments such as SuperKamiokande, LEGEND), XENON and key laboratories such as Fermilab, DESY and LBNL.Symmetries (and their breaking) underlie how the Universe works at the most fundamental level. They dictate what properties the particles can have and how they interact with each other. Local (gauge) symmetries explain the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces. Thanks to the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, we have confirmed that the breaking of a gauge symmetry is responsible for particle masses, and that the Higgs interactions underlie the breaking of family symmetries. It is likely that new hidden (a)symmetries can have the answer to the fundamental questions discussed above. To uncover them is the ultimate goal of ASYMMETRY, targeting the hidden (a)symmetries, and the particles on which they act, in particular in the invisible sector, made of neutrinos, Dark Matter and other elusive particles such as possibly axions and other particles.