PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF SPEECH DISORDERS

言语运动学习的研究：练习对运动的影响 研究人员在学习一本新书时研究了位移速度和持续时间。 正常成人和慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的言语任务和口腔运动任务 小脑变性。 两组均显著降低了闭合口的位移和速度。 运动与练习，类似于练习在其他罚款中的效果 运动技能，如手写和打字。这表明 要更熟练地掌握以前学习的言语动作，需要 减少移动，可能是为了提高移动控制、效率和/或 精确度。口述动作顺序任务的练习效果更好 就像报道的肢体运动一样。只有正常对照组 受试者表现出移动速度加快和 在口头动作顺序任务上与练习保持一致。因此， 小脑患者在学习新奇、非言语口语方面存在障碍 动静。这一发现表明，小脑病理并不 影响以前学习的动作的练习，但不影响学习 新奇的动作。 演讲规划研究：演讲规划与演讲对比研究 当说话者必须切换到新的 在意外中断后对同一项目进行短语或重新启动。 当一个新的和不同的扬声器 在中断之后需要短语，以证明在 用于新的和不同的语音项的在线发音计划是 在正常的扬声器中是可能的。 家族性杂乱的检查：仅存在异常 在受影响的杂乱家庭成员中，音素提取和 重复、模仿旋律、押韵、唱歌和写作。这个 语音障碍是影响说话和说话的语音表征之一 影响歌唱的写作和旋律表现。血统 含有更高比例的受影响男性，表明是常染色体 性修饰特征。

Studies of speech motor learning: Practice effects on movement displacement velocity and duration were studied while learning a novel speech task and an oral movement task in normal adults and patients with cerebellar degeneration. Both groups significantly reduced jaw closing displacement and speed of movement with practice, similar to effects of practice in other fine motor skills such as handwriting and typewriting. This suggests that becoming more skilled for previously learned speech movements involves moving less, perhaps to increase movement control, efficiency and/or accuracy. Practice effects for the oral movement sequence task were more like those reported for limb movements. Only the group of normal control subjects demonstrated a pattern of increased movement speed and consistency on the oral movement sequence task with practice. Therefore, cerebellar patients were impaired in learning novel, non-speech oral movements. The findings suggest that cerebellar pathology does not affect practice of previously learned movements but does impair learning of novel movements. Studies of Speech Planning: The study of speech planning contrasts speech initiation and execution when the speaker must either switch to a new phrase or restart the same item following an unanticipated interruption. Normal speakers were faster and more fluent when a new and different phrase was required following interruption demonstrating that during phonation on line planning for a new and different speech item is possible in normal speakers. Examination of a Familial Form of Cluttering: Abnormalities present only in affected cluttering family members were phonemic retrieval and repetition, melodic imitation, rhyming, singing and writing. The disorder is one of speech sound representation affecting speaking and writing and melodic representation affecting singing. The pedigree contained a higher proportion of affected males suggesting an autosomal sex modified trait.