Why do some types of biotic change produce predictable ecological, evolutionary and life history strategy change?

我该怎么办？确定i）黄石生态系统物种相互作用网络中的生态变化的原因，ii）特立尼达淡水溪流物种相互作用网络中的生态和微观进化变化，观察到超过20-30代，iii）银鱼的宏观进化变化（雀形目鸟类）在修改和适应岛屿物种相互作用网络之前，它们会反复从澳大利亚大陆殖民海洋岛屿。在解决这些系统特定的问题，我将产生一般的新理论到生态，微观和宏观的进化后果的变化inpredation政权。为什么我要这样做？整个地球仪都在改变捕食方式。它们也被认为产生了在我的每个系统中看到的模式。更一般地说，它们被认为是负责惊人的生态和进化变化模式，如营养级联，快速生活史和表型性状适应水生生态系统，和宏观进化模式，如岛屿规则。然而，尽管这种动态是普遍存在的，但它们并不是普遍的，这就产生了对捕食机制转变的后果的分歧。这是不可能的，运行重复的实验，以调查如何在捕食制度的变化影响物种之间的相互作用网络在生态和进化的时间尺度，所以需要一种替代的方法。我之所以选择我的研究系统，是因为有大量的可用数据，这些数据将使我能够构建和参数化物种相互作用网络的复杂模拟。然后，我将使用一个高度创新的方法来简化模拟，以确定在每个系统中的捕食制度的转变的作用，并创建一般的，新的，理论的捕食制度的转变的后果。

What am I going to do?Identify the causes of i) ecological changes in the species interaction network of the Yellowstone ecosystem, ii) ecological and micro-evolutionary changes in the species interaction networks of freshwater streams in Trinidad observed over 20-30 generations and iii) macro-evolutionary changes in silvereyes (passerine birds) that repeatedly colonise oceanic islands from the Australian mainland before modifying and adapting to the island species interaction networks they become part of. In addressing these system-specific questions I will generate general new theory into the ecological, micro-, and macro-evolutionary consequences of changes inpredation regime.Why am I going to do this?Changes in predation regime are occurring across the globe. They are also thought to have generated the patterns seen in each of my systems. More generally, they have been argued to be responsible for striking patterns of ecological and evolutionary change such as trophic cascades, rapid life history and phenotypic trait adaptation in aquatic ecosystems, and macro-evolutionary patterns such as the island rule. However, although such dynamics are widespread, they are not universal, and this has generated disagreement over the consequences of shifts in predation regime.How am I going to do this?It is impossible to run replicated experiments to investigate how a change in predation regime impacts species interaction networks across ecological and evolutionary timescales, so an alternative approach is required. I have selected my study systems because of the remarkable amounts of data available, and these data will allow me to construct and parameterise complex simulations of species interaction networks. I will then use a highly innovative approach to simplify the simulations to identify the role of a shift in predation regime in each system, and also create general, new, theory on the consequences of shifts in predation regime.