Reframing Muslim 'Radicalism'

这项研究旨在评估西方对全球圣战意识形态威胁的政策反应，并制定一种适当的方法，使其更加有效。自9/11事件以来，来自全球圣战主义的意识形态威胁被广泛解读为一场“思想之战”，促使人们做出反应，以防止脆弱的个人采纳基地组织的暴力极端主义思想。西方政府致力于这场意识形态之战，同时也出现了一系列公民社会倡议，这些倡议基于对威胁性质的不同看法，有时甚至相互矛盾。总而言之，它们反映了过去十年来出现并加强的一种离散的全球言论和实践--越来越多地被贴上“打击暴力极端主义”的标签--的多种方式。全球圣战主义构成的意识形态威胁的相对新颖的宗教层面，也推动了西方关于以下问题的长期广泛辩论：公共领域的世俗和宗教实践；语言和暴力；以及安全和自由，特别是与西方穆斯林少数群体有关的关系。尽管为此部署了资源，但反意识形态战略仍然相对不发达。一个迫在眉睫的限制是，公开和官方言论对被认为是全球圣战意识形态的性质进行了初步描述。这在一定程度上是由于传统安全研究方法在政策界占据主导地位，以及新兴的“激进化”研究领域，以及相关的缺乏任何持续努力，以整合目前研究圣战思想的各种学术学科的知识。这也与某些民间社会行为者和智囊团在制定反意识形态政策对策的过程中产生的不成比例的意识形态影响有关。此外，这导致未能将打击暴力极端主义的理论和实践置于历史背景中，也未能借鉴西方以外的当代相似之处。因此，被忽视的是，有必要更深入地了解全球圣战思想的传播，以及矛盾的是，反意识形态活动本身的激增，是如何催化存在大量穆斯林社区的国家-社会关系的结构性转变。这项研究提出了解决这些差距的方法。它采用一种创新的跨学科方法来挑战看待全球圣战主义的传统方式，目的是开拓被忽视的研究领域，加深学术理解，并帮助改进政策实践。这项研究将借鉴被忽视的学术研究领域--包括历史、政治理论、人类学、社会学、伊斯兰研究和地区研究--的见解和方法，以扩大政策制定者和实践者可用的知识库，提醒他们注意全球圣战意识形态的多种多样的性质和影响，并加深他们对这种意识形态在不同地理背景下形成的方式的认识。它还将利用对英国、美国和欧洲关键专家、政策制定者和从业人员的实地采访。这项研究将提出将其见解纳入政策制定的具体方法，并鉴于全球圣战现象的流动性和复杂性以及各种影响，探索如何更有效地衡量反意识形态干预的影响。

This study aims to assess Western policy responses to the threat of global jihadi ideology, and to develop a suitable methodology for making them more effective. Since 9/11, the ideological threat from global jihadism has been widely interpreted as a 'battle of ideas', prompting responses that aim at preventing vulnerable individuals from adopting the violent extremist ideas of Al Qaeda. Western governments are committed to this ideological battle, and a host of civil society initiatives have also arisen in parallel, based on various and sometimes conflicting perceptions of the nature of the threat. Collectively, they reflect the multiple ways in which a discrete global discourse and practice of 'counter ideology', increasingly labelled 'countering violent extremism', has emerged and intensified over the past decade. The relatively novel religious dimension of the ideological threat posed by global jihadism has also fed into long-standing wider debates in the West on issues such as the relationship between: secular and religious practice in the public sphere; language and violence; and security and liberty, particularly in relation to minority Muslim communities in the West. Counter-ideological strategies remain relatively under-developed despite the resources deployed for the purpose. An immediate limitation is the rudimentary characterisation in public and official discourses of the nature of what is deemed to be global jihadi ideology. This is partly due to the dominance in policy circles of traditional security studies approaches and the burgeoning sub-field of 'radicalisation' studies, and the related absence of any sustained effort to integrate knowledge of jihadi ideas across the range of academic disciplines that currently address them. It is also related to the disproportionate ideological influence of certain civil society actors and think tanks on the process of shaping counter-ideological policy responses. This has moreover resulted in a failure to place the theory and practice of countering violent extremism in historical context, or to draw on contemporary parallels from outside the West. Overlooked, as a consequence, is the need for greater insight into the ways that the dissemination of global jihadi ideas and, paradoxically, the proliferation of counter-ideological initiatives themselves, are catalysing structural shifts in state-society relations where there are substantial Muslim communities.This study proposes ways of addressing these gaps. It adopts an innovative, inter-disciplinary approach to challenge conventional ways of viewing global jihadism, with the aim of opening up neglected areas of research, deepening academic understanding, and helping to improve policy practice. The study will draw on insights and methods from neglected areas of academic study - including history, political theory, anthropology, sociology, Islamic studies and area studies - in order to expand the knowledge base available to policymakers and practitioners, alert them to the variegated nature and impacts of global jihadi ideology, and deepen their awareness of the ways in which this ideology is shaped in different geographical contexts. It will also draw on field interviews with key experts, policymakers and practitioners in the UK, US and Europe. The study will suggest concrete ways of incorporating its insights into the formulation of policy, and explore ways of measuring the impact of counter-ideological interventions more effectively in light of the fluid and complex nature and varied effects of the global jihadi phenomenon.