The Dynamics of Nationalist Evolution in Contemporary Spain

西班牙可以说是欧洲最分散的政体，然而，权力下放甚至没有让加泰罗尼亚和巴斯克民族主义运动中的许多温和派满意。民族主义政党是由具有不同自治/独立议程的倾向和派别组成的联盟，他们在将自己的要求激进化或旨在与中央政府达成稳定领土和解的诱惑之间左右为难。该项目旨在解释一个或另一个方向的变化。许多关于民族主义运动激进化的文献强调中心与边缘的紧张关系。这个项目还将探讨其他动态：民族主义政党与巴斯克和加泰罗尼亚地区其他政党制度影响之间的竞争；西班牙不对称的分权制度中的跨地区影响，鼓励政党为其“自治社区”获得与移交给其他地区的政党相同或更大的权力；以及欧洲/全球影响，包括其他国家的民族主义经历。主要关注的是两个地区，在过去30年的大部分时间里，民族主义政党一直主导着权力下放的政府，而且往往是西班牙政府组建/耐力的关键(西班牙政党在过去20年的大选中取得决定性的选举胜利是罕见的)。虽然将考虑西班牙经验对其他欧洲国家的影响，但西班牙是一个特别有价值的“实验室”，因为那里的民族主义政党具有很高的政治重要性，而且可以对巴斯克和加泰罗尼亚案例(部分由恐怖主义区分)进行比较分析，以了解不同动态塑造政治行为的方式，从而克服国家案例研究方法的潜在缺点：过于具体。将广泛使用对巴斯克和加泰罗尼亚政党主题的精英采访、媒体对民族主义政治的报道、民意调查以及概述政党政策和战略的文件。将对这些材料进行定性分析和比较，以解释各党派和内部派别在这一时期所形成的立场，从中寻找上述动态中的驱动因素(激进主义或领土通融)的证据。申请者在采访西班牙政客、政党官员和外交官方面拥有丰富的经验，并建立了涉及早期项目的其他研究人员和实践者的研究网络。他很容易接触到精英题材，这是实现目标的关键。对纪录片来源(党代会文件、媒体采访、演讲、民族主义政客的文章、党的网站上的项目)进行内容分析将是一种方法。然而，作为超越官方职位的一种手段，个人面试将是基本的。问题将针对问题和事件，以阻止过于笼统的答复。通过在每个地区安排数十次采访，将有可能掌握政党内部和政党之间的多样性；每个政党将有不同的政治家和官员参与。除了采访民族主义者外，还将在加泰罗尼亚、巴斯克地区和马德里采访较小范围的PSOE和人民党代表以及学术专家和记者，以了解第三方对民族主义政党的趋势、动机和目标的印象。为了将精英的立场与更广泛的民族主义者的观点进行对比，并考虑到有关地区普遍存在双重身份，将利用从社会调查中心、地区政府和大学获得的现有调查材料。对加泰罗尼亚和巴斯克地区(尤斯卡迪)民意趋势的分析将使人们能够比较民族主义政党选民和利德的意见

Spain is arguably the most decentralized polity in Europe, yet devolution has not satisfied even many moderates in the Catalan and Basque nationalist movements. Nationalist parties are coalitions, composed of tendencies and factions identified with different autonomy/independence agendas and torn between temptations to radicalise their demands or to aim for stable territorial accommodation with central government. The project aims to explain shifts in one direction or the other.Much of the literature on the radicalization of nationalist movements emphasizes centre-periphery tensions. This project will inquire additionally into other dynamics: competition between nationalist parties and other party system influences in the Basque and Catalan regions; trans-regional influences in Spain's asymmetrical system of decentralisation encouraging parties to obtain the same or greater powers for their 'autonomous community' as those devolved to other regions; and European/global influences including nationalist experiences in other countries.The prime focus is on two regions where nationalist parties have dominated devolved government for most of the last 30 years and often been key to Spanish government formation/endurance (decisive electoral victories by Spanish parties in general elections having been rare over the last 20 years). While consideration will be given to the impact of the Spanish experience across other European states, Spain is a particularly valuable 'laboratory' because of the high political importance of nationalist parties there and the scope for comparative analysis of the Basque and Catalan cases (differentiated in part by terrorism) regarding the ways in which different dynamics shape political behaviour, thus overcoming a potential shortcoming of the country case study approach: excessive specificity.Extensive use will be made of elite interviews with subjects from Basque and Catalan parties, media coverage of nationalist politics, public opinion surveys and documents outlining party policies and strategies. This material will be analysed qualitatively and comparatively to interpret the positions of parties and internal factions as they have developed over the period, looking throughout for evidence of drivers (towards radicalisation or territorial accommodation) among the dynamics referred to above. The applicant has huge experience of interviewing Spanish politicians, party officials and diplomats and has built research networks involving both other researchers and practitioners in earlier projects. His ease of access to elite subjects is crucial to the attainment of the objectives.Content analysis of documentary sources (party congress documents, media interviews, speeches, articles by nationalist politicians, items on party websites) will be one approach. However, personal interviews will be fundamental as a means of going beyond official positions. Questions will be specific to issues and events in order to discourage over-general responses. By securing several dozen interviews in each region, it will be possible to grasp diversity within as well as between parties; various politicians and officials will be involved from each party. Besides interviewing nationalists, a smaller range of PSOE and PP representatives, along with academic experts and journalists, will be interviewed in Catalonia, the Basque Country and Madrid to obtain third party impressions of trends, motivations and objectives in nationalist parties.To contrast elite positions with the views of nationalists more generally, and to take account of the prevalence of dual identities in the regions concerned, use will be made of existing survey material, obtainable from the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, regional governments and universities. Analysis of trends in public opinion in Catalonia and the Basque Country (Euskadi) will enable comparison to be made between the opinions of nationalist party voters and leade