Lawyers, Conflict and Transition (resubmission)

这个项目将探讨律师在暴力或威权主义过渡中的作用。尽管法治在当代过渡时期司法理论和实践中处于中心地位，但相关文献很少强调律师在法院之外的作用，也很少强调律师在司法体系中作为“真正的人”的作用。虽然律师在和平社会中行使不同形式的代理权的重要性是公认的，但对他们在过渡时期的不同作用的分析在文献中明显不发达。律师往往是转型前的战略诉讼或民众动员、转型前和转型期间的政治谈判、实施法律改革并在法庭上检验其意义，以及塑造以过去为重点、解决真相、问责制和和解等问题的举措的工作中的关键角色。目的是在冲突和转型社会的关键历史阶段对律师进行比较和专题研究，并产生学术成果和一系列实用文件，旨在帮助当地和国际行动者。实地工作将在以色列/巴勒斯坦、柬埔寨、智利、南非和突尼斯进行。(a)探索关于律师在暴力冲突持续或刚刚结束的社会中的作用的重叠主题，包括律师在关键时期（例如暴力或镇压）的表现，在民众动员努力中，在建立和平，政治谈判和实施期间，以及（在相关的情况下）处理过去。(b)采用比较个案研究的研究方法，包括广泛的文献分析，在选定的司法管辖区进行实地调查，以探讨上述主题，并为当地和国际行动者提供每个司法管辖区的产出。实地考察将包括基于定制研究工具的半结构化访谈。(c)通过项目网站、在贝尔法斯特举行的一次大型国际会议和在一系列国际和国家会议上的发言，传播调查结果和有关的学术和政策产出。学术出版物包括一本专著和四篇学术论文。潜在的应用和收益在学术层面，通过学术专著和期刊文章，该项目旨在发展对冲突和过渡社会中律师社会学的比较理解，这也可以提高对稳定社会中律师代理能力的认识。它将在过渡司法与法律专业社会学以及批判该领域过度法律主义的进一步学术研究之间建立一个桥头堡。这种受限制的观点助长了一种关于法律确定性、道德绝对性和超然专业律师的简单化观念的世界观，这些都不符合处于冲突或正在摆脱冲突的社会的混乱现实世界。我们的项目旨在通过广泛的比较研究，鼓励人们更全面地了解律师在冲突和过渡中的作用。这样的观点将直接引起社会学、人类学、政治学、犯罪学、心理学、历史学、法律、和平与冲突研究等学科的学者的兴趣。在实践层面，一系列以政策为导向的出版物（翻译成当地语言）和网站旨在供每个司法管辖区的当地行为者使用，包括执业法官和律师、法律集体（大律师公会、律师会等）、政府部门、民间社会活动家和其他非政府组织。此外，该项目将与包括联合国在内的全球实体、决策者和捐助者、国际法律集体和跨国民间社会行动者密切相关

CONTEXTThis project will explore the role of lawyers in transitions from violence or authoritarianism. Despite the centrality of the rule of law to the contemporary theory and practice of transitional justice, there is little emphasis in the relevant literature on the role of lawyers outside the courts or indeed as the 'real people' at work in the system. Although the importance of different forms of agency exercised by lawyers in peaceful societies is well established, analysis of their diverse roles in transitions is significantly underdeveloped in the literature. Lawyers are often key actors in strategic litigation or popular mobilisation before transitions, in political negotiations prior to and during a transition, in enacting legal reforms and testing their meaning in the courts, and in shaping the work of past-focused initiatives that address issues such as truth, accountability and reconciliation.AIMTo conduct a comparative and thematic study of lawyering at key historic stages in conflicted and transitional societies and to produce both academic outputs and a range of practical documents designed to be of assistance to local and international actors. The fieldwork will be conducted in Israel/Palestine, Cambodia, Chile, South Africa and Tunisia.OBJECTIVES(a) To explore overlapping themes concerning the role of lawyers in societies either enduring or emerging from violent conflict including the performance of lawyers at key periods (for example of violence or repression), in popular mobilisation efforts, during periods of peacemaking, political negotiation and implementation, and (where relevant) in dealing with the past. (b) To deploy a comparative case studies research methodology involving an extensive literature analysis, fieldwork in jurisdictions chosen to explore the themes listed above, and the development of outputs for each jurisdiction accessible to local and international actors. The fieldwork will include semi-structured interviews based on a bespoke research instrument.(c) To disseminate the findings and related academic and policy outputs through a project website, a major international conference in Belfast and presentations at a range of international and national conferences. Academic publications will include one monograph and four scholarly articles.POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITSAt the academic level, through the scholarly monograph and journal articles, the project is designed to develop a comparative understanding of the sociology of lawyering in conflicted and transitional societies which can also enhance knowledge of the agentic capacity of lawyers in settled societies. It will construct a bridgehead between transitional justice and the sociology of the legal professions and further scholarship which critiques excessive legalism in the field. Such a restricted perspective has encouraged a world view of legal certainties, moral absolutes and simplistic notions of the professional detached lawyer, none of which chime with the messy real world of societies in or emerging from conflict. Our project is designed to encourage a more holistic understanding of the role of lawyers in conflict and transition based on an extensive comparative study. Such a view will be of direct interest to scholars working in disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, political science, criminology, psychology, history, law and peace and conflict studies. At a practical level, the range of policy-orientated publications (translated into local languages) and the website are designed to be of use to local actors in each of the jurisdictions including practising judges and lawyers, legal collectives (Bar Councils, Law Societies and equivalent), government departments, civil society activists and other NGOs. In addition, the project will be highly relevant to global entities including the United Nations, policymakers and donors, international legal collectives and transnational civil society actors