AGE EFFECTS ON AUTOMATIC AND EFFORTFUL INFORMATION PROCESSING

这项工作的目的是研究老龄化的影响 关于开发和制定自动和 费力的注意力过程。目的达到了 通过对照实验室研究。一项研究的结果 研究自动视觉检测技术的发展 青少年、中年人和老年人的语义范畴代表 据86财年报告，老年人发现老年人无法达到 经过4200-5700次的自动检测实践。这项任务 是视觉搜索，其中1-3个语义类别被记忆 然后在两个单词的视觉显示中进行搜索。自动 检测记忆的类别发生在时间 无论类别的数量是多少，检测结果都是相等的 记住了。解释在视觉上缺乏自动化的原因 对70岁以上的老年人进行了3次检测 出去。第一个演示了一个极其简单的视觉搜索任务 这一点已经被证明是年轻人实现的 在相对较少的培训试验中实现自动化。与…相反 70多年来没有发生预期自动检测 老题材。第二和第三项研究调查了不同的 训练方法。其中一种方法是“集中”练习，而 第二种方法仅将响应限制为检测响应。 这两种新的实践方法都未能产生自动检测 在视觉/记忆搜索中。继续研究 在以后的生活中，自动化的发展或缺乏将 中心研究其对非搜索域的一般性，以 通向自动化搜索的中间组件 过程，以及确定程度的其他标准 自动化。 该项目的意义在于规划和核算 关于自动视觉发展的成熟变化 探测在我们的日常生活中扮演着如此重要的角色。

This work's purpose is to examine the influence of the aging process upon the development and enactment of automatic and effortful attentional processes. The purposes are accomplished through controlled laboratory studies. The results of a study investigating the development of automatic visual detection of representatives of semantic categories in young, middle-aged, and old adults, reported in FY86, found old adults unable to attain automatic detection after 4200-5700 trials of practice. The task was visual search where 1-3 semantic categories were memorized then searched for in two-word visual displays. Automatic detection of the memorized categories occurred when the time for detection was equal regardless of the number of categories memorized. To explain the lack of automatization in visual detection in 70+ year old individuals, 3 experiments were carried out. The first presented an extremely simple visual search task in which it has been shown that young adults achieved automatization in relatively few training trials. Contrary to expectation automatic detection did not occur for the 70+ year old subjects. The second and third studies investigated different methods of training. One method used "massed" practice while the second method limited responses only to detection responses. Both novel practice methods failed to yield automatic detection in visual/memory search. Continued work in studying the development, or lack thereof, of automatization in later life will center on investigating its generality to nonsearch domains, to intermediate components leading to the automatized search process, and to other criteria in determining the degree of automatization. The significance of this project lies in mapping out and accounting for maturational changes in the development of automatic visual detection which play such an important part of our daily lives.