Race and Citizenship in the context of the War on Terror

这项研究将在反恐战争的背景下调查公民身份日益不安全的情况，特别侧重于不同形式的公民身份剥夺和排斥及其种族层面。在9/11事件之后，在法律修订的帮助下，引渡、公民身份剥夺和包机驱逐的使用得到了促进，但人们对这些形式的驱逐的程度知之甚少；被引渡、被剥夺公民身份和被集体驱逐的是谁；发生这些驱逐的条件是什么；使用这些驱逐的理由是什么。这项研究将试图解决这些问题。种族、移民和公民身份一直是相互关联的，但反恐战争的背景发生了巨大变化，以不同的方式加强了驱逐过程。它们对穆斯林、黑人和少数族裔社区产生了不成比例的影响，使获得和要求公民权利变得更加困难。根据反恐议程，2003年对法律的修订意味着引渡个人变得更加容易，初步分析表明，自2003年以来，向美国提出引渡请求的数量大幅增加。在这方面，有一些备受瞩目的案件暂停了对英国公民身份的保护，例如在遣送离境之前可以在英国法院对指控作出回应。关于谁应该得到英国公民身份的保护，谁不应该得到保护的政治辩论接踵而至。对国籍法的进一步修订意味着，如果内政大臣决定双重国籍的人出现在英国不利于公共利益，那么也有可能剥夺他们的英国公民身份。自2003年以来，超过23人被剥夺了公民身份，其中超过18人是自2010年以来被剥夺公民身份的。这些更严厉的驱逐措施也对长期的驱逐进程产生了影响。2001年，政府开始使用包机，以减轻和加快强制遣送的进程。有飞往阿富汗、尼日利亚、斯里兰卡、加纳、巴基斯坦和伊拉克的包机，在2012年12月至2013年4月期间，972人通过这种方式被带走。在此背景下，拟议的研究将对2001年以来引渡、剥夺公民身份和大规模驱逐出境的政策和程序进行调查，审查这些程序正在发生的程度、发生在谁身上、这些程序的种族层面是什么，以及为这些驱逐程序辩护或提出异议的说法是什么。研究结果将综合起来，以评估对种族和公民身份之间的关系的影响。研究将包括对政策文献和法律决定的文件分析；对律师的访问；对通过信息自由请求获得的统计数据的分析；对遭受引渡和公民身份剥夺的个人的个案研究，包括与家庭成员和第三部门组织的访谈；以及对议会辩论和媒体代表的话语分析。由用户组成的咨询小组将在整个研究项目和随后的宣传活动中得到咨询。这是为了确保收集的数据在学院以外的地方有用，并确保研究产生影响。研究产出将包括向从业人员传播(通过为期一天的讲习班和15页的研究报告)，向公众传播(通过报纸报道、大众媒体的评论文章、报告、项目网站和博客)，以及学术传播(通过会议报告、期刊文章和硬拷贝和数字格式的研究专著)。

This research will investigate the growing insecurity of citizenship in the context of the War on Terror with a particular focus on different forms of citizenship removal and exclusion and their racial dimensions. In the post 9/11 context the use of extradition, citizenship deprivation and charter flight deportations have been promoted, assisted in part by changes to the law, yet little is known about the extent of these forms of removal; who it is that is being extradited, having their citizenship deprived and being deported en masse; what the conditions are in which these removals occur; and what the justifications are for their use. This research will attempt to address these issues.Race, immigration and citizenship have always been deeply connected to each other but there have been stark changes in the context of the War on Terror which have intensified processes of removal in different ways. They have impacted disproportionately on Muslim and black and minority ethnic communities and have made it more difficult to access and make claims to rights of citizenship. Under the counter-terrorism agenda, revisions to law in 2003 have meant it has become easier to extradite individuals and initial analysis suggests the number of requests for extradition to the US have increased significantly since 2003. In this context, there have been a number of high profile cases whereby the protections of British citizenship, such as the possibility to respond to accusations in a UK court of law prior to removal, have been suspended. Political debates have ensued concerning who should have protections of British citizenship and who should not. Further amendments to nationality law mean it is also possible to deprive dual-nationals of their British citizenship if the Home Secretary makes a decision that their presence is 'not conducive to the public good'. More than 23 individuals have been stripped of their citizenship since 2003 and over 18 of these have been since 2010. These more severe measures of removal have also impacted on longstanding processes of deportation. In 2001 the Government began to use charter flights in order to ease and speed up the process of enforced removals. There have been charter flights to Afghanistan, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Pakistan and Iraq, and between December 2012 and April 2013 972 individuals were removed in this way. Against this background, the proposed research will conduct an investigation into the policies and processes of extradition, citizenship deprivation and mass deportation since 2001 examining the extent to which these processes are occurring, who they are happening to, what the racial dimensions of these processes are and what the narratives are which justify or contest these processes of removal. The findings will be brought together to assess what the implications are for the relationship between race and citizenship.The research will include documentary analysis of policy literature and legal decisions; interviews with lawyers; analysis of statistical data obtained through freedom of information requests; case studies of individuals subject to extradition and citizenship deprivation which will include interviews with family members, and third sector organisations; and discourse analysis of parliamentary debates and media representations.An advisory group made up of users will be consulted throughout the research project and subsequent dissemination activities. This is to ensure that the data collected is of use beyond the academy, and to ensure that the research has impact. Research outputs will include dissemination to practitioners (through a one-day workshop, and a 15-page research report), dissemination to the general public (through newspaper coverage, commentary pieces in popular press, a report, a project website and blog), and academic dissemination (through conference presentations, journal articles, and a research monograph in hard copy and digital format).