Digital Citizenship and Surveillance Society: UK State-Media-Citizen Relations after the Snowden Leaks

“数位公民与监控社会”计划将检视在无所不在的监控时代，数位公民的治理，即透过数位媒体的使用而具体化的公民机构。自2013年6月以来，由爱德华·斯诺登（Edward Snowden）提供并在《卫报》（Guardian）和其他地方发表的泄密文件为这项研究提供了一个独特的历史机遇，因为它们为数字监控的运作和程度提供了前所未有的见解。通过棱镜（PRISM）(美国国家安全局（nsa）和Tempora（英国政府通信总部）等项目，国家监控的目标是平台和服务，这些平台和服务已成为英国乃至全球公民日常通信基础设施的重要组成部分。这些启示对数字公民的关键方面产生了影响，涉及数字通信的法律和监管框架问题；技术基础设施和技术标准；与数字传播的日常互动和宣传传播权；以及调查性新闻和新闻自由。因此，在一个跨学科和以从业者为中心的框架内，该项目将通过四个相互关联的工作流程：政策、技术、公民社会和新闻媒体来研究斯诺登泄密给数字公民带来的挑战。将通过结合定性和定量方法以及参与性行动研究来调查这四个主题。工作流程将通过桌面研究和实地研究收集数据，这些研究结合了政策文件分析、技术和软件分析、焦点小组、访谈以及内容和话语分析。这项研究将得到两个讲习班的补充和支持，这些讲习班将使项目小组与该领域的其他主要研究人员和实践者聚集在一起。第一次（2014年9月）将是一次盘点活动，以指导实地工作阶段；第二阶段（2015年6月）将开始协作数据分析并准备建议。这两项活动都将包括：1)分析隐私增强基础设施和工具的“技术黑客马拉松”；2)分析隐私政策的“政策黑客马拉松”；3)审查积极公民和新闻实践的“最佳实践”会议。这些黑客马拉松和实践会议提供了一个创新的方法论方面，并将行动研究作为方法论三角测量的关键组成部分。通过对数据的详细分析，该项目将根据斯诺登泄密事件对数字公民进行全面和综合的理解。讲习班将促进学术实践者和专家用户之间的互动，分享实践和想法，审查和分析具体的技术和政策解决办法，以及决策者、技术开发人员、记者、公民和活动人士感兴趣的实际建议。该项目将由卡迪夫新闻，媒体和文化研究学院（JOMEC）主办，该学院是英国领先的媒体和传播部门之一。这四个工作流程将由JOMEC工作人员与其他重点研究机构的共同研究人员合作开展。一个包括传播政策、技术和数字权利领域领先的国际学术专家和民间社会组织在内的咨询小组将指导这项研究，审查初步结果，并为研讨会做出贡献。将媒体学者和计算机科学家与记者、倡导团体和技术开发人员聚集在一起，将促进真正的多学科学术从业者合作，并为最大限度地发挥未来的潜在影响奠定基础。

The project "Digital Citizenship and Surveillance Society'" will examine the governance of digital citizenship - i.e. civic agency reified through the use of digital media - in an era of omnipresent surveillance. The leaks provided by whistleblower Edward Snowden and published in the Guardian and elsewhere since June 2013 provide a unique historical opportunity for this research as they offer unprecedented insights into the workings and extent of digital surveillance. Through programmes such as PRISM (by the US National Security Agency) and Tempora (by the UK Government Communications Headquarters), state-based surveillance has targeted platforms and services that have become a vital part of the infrastructure of everyday citizen communication in the UK and worldwide. These revelations have implications for key aspects of digital citizenship across issues regarding the legal and regulatory framework of digital communications; technical infrastructures and technical standards; everyday interactions with digital communication and advocacy regarding communicative rights; and investigative journalism and press freedom.Therefore, within a cross-disciplinary and practitioner-focused framework, this project will examine the challenges for digital citizenship posed by the Snowden revelations through four interrelated work-streams: policy, technology, civil society, and news media. These four themes will be investigated through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods as well as participatory action research. The work-streams will collect data through desk research and field research that combine policy document analysis, technical and software analysis, focus groups, interviews and content and discourse analysis. The research will be complemented and supported by two workshops that will bring the project team together with other leading researchers and practitioners in the field. The first (September 2014) will be a stock-taking event to guide the fieldwork phase; the second (June 2015) will begin collaborative data analysis and prepare recommendations. Both will include a) 'tech hackathons' for the analysis of privacy enhancing infrastructures and tools, b) 'policy hackathons' for the analysis of privacy policies, and c) 'best-practices' sessions for the review of active citizenship and journalistic practices. These hackathons and practice sessions provide an innovative methodological aspect and add action research as a key component of methodological triangulation. Through detailed analysis of the data, the project will develop a comprehensive and integrated understanding of digital citizenship in light of the Snowden leaks. The workshops will facilitate academic-practitioner and expert-user interaction, the sharing of practices and ideas, and the review and analysis of concrete technical and policy solutions, and practical recommendations of interest to policymakers, technological developers, journalists, citizens and activists. The project will be hosted by the Cardiff's School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies (JOMEC), one of the leading media and communication departments in the UK. The four work streams will be run by JOMEC staff in collaboration with co-investigators from other key research institutions. An advisory group including leading international academic experts and civil society organisations in the fields of communication policy, technology and digital rights will guide the research, review preliminary results, and contribute to workshops. Bringing together media scholars and computer scientists along with journalists, advocacy groups and technology developers will facilitate genuine multi-disciplinary academic-practitioner collaboration and lay the foundations for maximum future potential impact.