Does 'shame-proofing' anti-poverty programmes improve their effectiveness? Theory of change and impact policy evaluation in cross-national settings

我们的ESRC/DFID资助的研究（RES-167-25-0557）表明，与贫困相关的羞耻感是普遍存在的，是别人在与贫困人群打交道时强加给他们的结构性羞耻感。羞耻感可能通过侵蚀个人能动性而使贫困永久化，而污名化的政策可能会适得其反，加剧羞耻感的削弱作用。在ESRC“英国贫困与社会排斥”调查成功纳入问题之后，这项研究被证明非常有影响力，在ESRC“理解社会”研究涵盖的主题中产生了重复，并增加了与贫困相关的羞耻。它还直接导致国际劳工组织（ILO）在2012年批准的关于社会保护的第202号建议中提出了政府尊重社会保护接受者的权利和尊严的原则。联合国引用了这项研究来支持其关于极端贫困和人权的指导原则。然而，虽然之前的研究得出了一个模型，假设羞耻和耻辱可能会加剧贫困，但这项研究并不是为了提供随意关系的证据。因此，提出了新的研究来纠正这一疏漏，方法是测试那些“无羞耻”的社会保护政策与那些没有“无羞耻”的社会保护政策的有效性。在乌干达、印度和中国同时进行的试验大大增强了测试的稳健性；每一项评估都对当地情况敏感，但由一个共同的理论框架形成，其核心是标准化措施和可比较的方法。在乌干达，变革评估理论采用诊断技术来检查政策的潜在逻辑在实践中是否有效，它与影响评估相结合，以衡量防止羞耻的相对有效性（和物有所值）。将在中国和印度进行变革理论评价，并在劳工组织的财政支助下增加影响评价。该研究建立在由挪威研究理事会资助的同一个研究小组正在进行的一项研究的基础上，该研究旨在制定在拟议研究中加以完善、实施和评估的不受羞辱的政策。评价工作将包括调查、深入访谈、焦点小组、调查研究和提取行政记录。除了确定“防耻”是否具有成本效益以及基础政策逻辑在实践中是否有效外，该研究还将：1通过将贫困概念化为考虑贫困动态的多维物质和心理社会维度，从而推进贫困研究。一个人在每个方面的得分决定了在某一时间点所经历的贫困的严重程度和性质，而不同时间的得分反映了贫困的各个方面是如何因果关系的- -例如，时间1的物质剥夺可能会增加时间上与贫困有关的耻辱。2.2采用称为结构方程模型的统计技术家族来衡量上述定义的贫困，并确定社会保护政策在减少贫困方面的有效性让最终用户和其他人参与制定和完善符合国际劳工组织和联合国原则、同时反映当地需求和声音的防羞布政策。除了必要的关键利益攸关方研讨会外，还计划在乌干达、中国和印度举行更多的政策研讨会和公开会议，以配合项目规划会议。关于贫困-耻辱关系和衡量的学术文章将与政策出版物和执行符合国际劳工组织和联合国准则的政策模板一起发布。总而言之，该研究直接涉及ESRC/DFID呼叫的三个问题中的两个：“进入和摆脱贫困的途径”和“政治和制度条件”，以及两个交叉问题：“结构性不平等”和“衡量”。

Our ESRC/DFID funded research (RES-167-25-0557) suggested that shame associated with poverty is ubiquitous and structural being imposed by others in their dealings with people in poverty. Shame may serve to perpetuate poverty through eroding individual agency, while policies that stigmatise could be counterproductive in adding to the debilitating effects of shame.This research has proved very influential, spawning replications and adding poverty-related shame to the topics covered by the ESRC 'Understanding Society' study, following the successful inclusion of questions in the ESRC 'Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK' survey. It also led directly to the International Labour Organisation (ILO) including the principle of governments having respect for the rights and dignity of social protection recipients in Recommendation 202 on social protection approved in 2012. The UN has cited the research to support its guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights. However, while the previous research yielded a model hypothesising how shame and stigma might exacerbate poverty, the research was not designed to provide evidence of casual relationships. Hence, new research is proposed to rectify this omission by testing the effectiveness of social protection policies that have been 'shame-proofed' against those which have not. The robustness of the test is much enhanced by simultaneous replication in Uganda, India and China; each evaluation is sensitive to local circumstances, but shaped by a common theoretical framework with a core of standardised measures and comparable methods. In Uganda, theory of change evaluation, which employs diagnostic techniques to examine whether underlying logic of the policy works in practice, is combined with impact evaluation to measure the relative effectiveness (and value for money) of shame-proofing. Theory of change evaluations will be conducted in China and India with the prospect of impact evaluations being added with financial support from the ILO.The research builds on a current study undertaken by the same research team, funded by the Norwegian Research Council, to develop the shame-proofed policies that are to be refined, implemented and evaluated in the proposed research. The evaluation will entail a mix of surveys, depth interviews, focus groups, investigative research and extraction of administrative records. In addition to establishing whether shame-proofing is cost effective and whether the underpinning policy logic works in practice, the research will:1 Advance poverty studies by conceptualising poverty as a multi-dimensional embracing material and psycho-social dimensions that take account of poverty dynamics. A person's score on each dimension determines the severity and nature of the poverty experienced at a point in time while scores at different times reflect how aspects of poverty are causality related - for example, material deprivation at time 1 might increase poverty related-shame at time 2.2 Employ the family of statistical techniques called Structural Equation Models to measure poverty defined as above and to establish the effectiveness of social protection policies in reducing poverty.3 Engage end-users and others in developing and refining shame-proofed policies consistent with the ILO and UN principles that also reflect local needs and voices. Aside from the required Key Stakeholder Workshop, further policy seminars and public meetings are planned in Uganda, China and India to coincide with project planning meetings. Academic articles on the poverty-shame nexus and measurement will be accompanied by policy publications and templates for implementing policy consistent with ILO and UN guidelines.In sum, the research engages directly with two of the three ESRC/DFID Call questions: 'Pathways in and out of poverty' and 'Political and institutional conditions' and both cross cutting issues: 'Structural inequalities' and 'Measurement'.