Re-emerging Pasts: Forums for Truth-telling in Contemporary Argentina and Chile

这个研究项目研究如何-通过什么过程，根据什么标准，并受到什么样的验证？——20世纪70年代和80年代阿根廷和智利发生的政治暴力的真相浮出水面。虽然那段暴力时期现在已经“过去”，但它的许多方面仍未得到解决。除了继续发掘阿根廷最后一次军事独裁（1976-83）和智利皮诺切特独裁（1973-1990）真相的法律机制之外，还有几个地方出现了这些未解决的问题，以供辩论和验证。有必要解决许多尚未解决且仍有争议的问题，因为所发生的故事的呈现成为新纪念空间和记忆博物馆的焦点，以及其他验证真相的场所，包括通过DNA测试生物身份的地方，或需要法医测试人类或物质遗骸的地方。这项研究将在一系列不同的网站上进行，我们称之为“讲述论坛”。它的前提是，关于过去的真相是不同种类的，因为它们必须经过不同的假设、“测试”和反思过程，才能被肯定并被允许作为真实出现。因此，在记忆博物馆中产生的真相无论在过程上还是在它所寻求和可以确认的真相方面，都不同于法庭产生的真相，或阿根廷法医人类学小组试图通过测试人类遗骸或DNA来确定身份的事实。研究涉及不同的论坛和空间如何以不同的方式处理这项任务，它们如何涉及不同的材料和人类证人，不同的程序以及对其审讯对象施加不同的限制。在研究这些过程时，我们会问：哪些候选人会说出过去的真相？哪些真相被允许在不同的地点出现？他们如何被理解为与讨论他们地位的论坛相关？它们必须通过哪些“测试”才能获得真实的地位？新兴的真理是如何呈现、安排和调解以供消费的？他们的地位如何受到挑战？当人们考虑到这些活动的教学层面时，这些问题的重要性就变得明显了。我们将强调教学和代际层面。不同的论坛如何理解真理的生产与作为更广泛的社会必要性的过去故事的呈现或策划之间的关系？他们如何同意在国内和国际上展示他们的作品，包括数字作品？他们如何寻求克服把过去当作奇观的危险，或者将其作为一种战略工具，坚持反复倾听过去暴力的恐怖，将使我们不再重蹈覆辙？这项研究将使用观察、访谈和从重要地点收集的文献数据，这些地点被选中是因为它们有可能表达这些兴趣。在阿根廷，我们将参观最大和最臭名昭著的前秘密拘留，酷刑和灭绝中心（前ccdte），布宜诺斯艾利斯的ESMA，现在是一个官方的记忆网站，在那里，关于空间使用的争论已经激烈了几年，但在使用方面的新变化，特别是该网站的教学方面，目前正在取得成果。此外，我们将参观更远的科尔多瓦和图库曼两个以前的地点。在智利，我们还将访问圣地亚哥的前拘留中心（Londres 38, Villa Grimaldi）和更远的北部查卡布卡的一个拘留中心。在每个国家，我们还将参观重要的新开放的记忆博物馆（在圣地亚哥和罗萨里奥）。为了补充这些，我们将观察和采访重要的阿根廷法医人类学小组的成员，并跟踪正在进行的关键法律案件。

This research project studies how - by what processes, according to what criteria, and subject to what kinds of verification? - truths emerge about the political violence that took place in the 1970s and 1980s in Argentina and Chile. Although that period of violence is now 'past', many facets of it are still unresolved. Beyond the legal mechanisms that continue to unearth truths about the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-83) and the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile (1973-1990), there are several sites at which these unresolved issues emerge for debate and verification. There is a need to address the unresolved and still controversial nature of many questions as the presentation of the story of what happened becomes a focus of new memorial spaces and Memory museums, as well as at other sites where truths are tested, including where biological identities are tested via DNA or where human or material remains require forensic testing.The research will take place at a range of diverse sites that we call 'forums for telling'. Its premise is that truths about the past are of different kinds because they have to pass through different processes of hypothesising, 'testing' and reflection before they are affirmed and allowed to emerge as true. Thus the production of truth at a museum of memory differs both in process and in terms of the truths it seeks and can affirm, from the production of truth by the law courts, or by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team's attempts to establish identities through the testing of human remains or DNA.The research concerns how the different forums and spaces approach this task differently, how they involve different material and human witnesses, different procedures and place different constraints on the objects of their interrogations. In studying these processes we will ask: What candidates emerge to tell the truth about the past? Which truths are allowed to emerge at the different sites? How are they understood as relevant to the forum that debates their status? What 'tests' must they pass in order to attain their status as true? How are emergent truths presented, arranged and mediated for consumption? How is their status challenged? The importance of these questions becomes apparent when one considers the pedagogic dimensions of the activities at stake. We will highlight the pedagogic and inter-generational dimension. What do the different forums understand as the relation between the production of truth and the presentation or curation of the story of the past as a wider societal imperative? How do they agree to present their work domestically and internationally, including digitally? How do they seek to overcome the dangers of making a spectacle of the past, or else using it within a strategic instrumentalisation that insists that listening repeatedly to horrors of past violence will inoculate us from ever repeating the past wrongs?The research will use observation, interviews and documentary data gathered from significant sites chosen for their potential to speak to these interests. In Argentina, we will visit the largest and most notorious of the ex-clandestine centres for detention, torture and extermination (ex-ccdte), the ESMA in Buenos Aires, now an official Site for Memory, and where debates about the use of the space have raged for several years, but where new changes to the use and especially the pedagogic aspects of the site are presently coming to fruition. Additionally we will visit two ex-ccdte sites further afield, in Cordoba and Tucuman. In Chile, we will also visit ex-centres of detention in Santiago (Londres 38, Villa Grimaldi) and one further afield in Chacabuca in the north. In each country we will also be visiting important newly opened Museums of Memory (in Santiago and Rosario). To complement these, we will observe and interview members of the important Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, as well as following key legal cases that are on-going.