Changing Socio-Spatial Inequalities: Population change and the lived experience of inequality in urban South Africa

该项目将对南非城市变化的复杂动态如何塑造人们的社会经济不平等的生活经历，以及这种经历如何反过来塑造该国的城市社会结构进行创新分析。利物浦大学(UOL)、南部非洲社会政策研究洞察(SASPRI)和人文科学研究理事会(HSRC)之间拟议的合作由一个跨学科小组(地理学、人口学、社会政策和城市规划)组成，在社会经济不平等和城市人口变化方面拥有互补的专业领域。该项目涉及呼吁的所有四个主题，但最重要的是多样性、移徙和实践这一主题。南非仍然是一个严重不平等的社会，不同人口群体(或种族)和空间上的生活标准明显不同。目前关于南非不平等的证据基础相对较少，几乎没有说明不平等的地理位置的变化，以及作为不平等的个人“亲身经历”而在当地感受到的相关影响，以及对该国城市社会结构的影响。在这个项目中，定量和定性相结合的方法来考察城市空间转型和社会对不平等、对地方的依恋和社会包容之间的相互作用。这项为期三年的研究方案包括四个部分：(I)绘制南非各地不断变化的不平等地理位置图。将对卫星图像以及1996年、2001年和2011年的人口普查进行分析，以便在一段时间内在小范围内生成整个南非的人口概况。将产生空间均衡性和聚集性的测量来描述地区的空间背景。将利用地区的人口、社会、经济和民族/种族特征来确定不平等(不同定义)增加的地区。将制定一种地区类型学，以便为第二部分的定性研究确定地区。(Ii)将开展重点小组，以探索影响人们不平等经历的因素和过程，以及人们的不平等经历是否影响他们对地方的依恋和社会包容的感觉。大多数小组将在开普敦境内进行，少数小组将在东开普省进行，因为该省与开普敦有着长期的国内移民联系。这项定性工作还将反馈到对不平等生活体验的新的和改进的量化空间测量的构建(第一部分)。(Iii)调查人们的不平等经历及其对不平等的态度。2017年具有全国代表性的南非社会态度调查(SASAS)将设计一个新的不平等相关问题模块。通过SASAS收集的数据分析将提供另一种评估不平等生活体验的手段，并为第四部分提供重要的因变量。(Iv)使用多水平回归模型中新的/改进的因变量和自变量来测试人们对不平等的态度是否与他们的不平等经历有关。第1部分中开发的定量空间测量将与SASAS 2017数据相联系，以开发更细微的分析评估，了解不平等如何影响居民的生活，以及他们对不平等和补救的态度。该项目的结果将提供重要的新见解，将支持国家和地方政府制定基于证据的政策，以解决不平等问题。它将使住房、城市规划和减贫领域的政策能够通过对不平等的生活经历的分析来了解，这些经验源于高度针对具体情况的定性询问和尖端量化技术的相互作用。

This project will provide an innovative analysis of how people's lived experiences of socio-economic inequality are shaped by the complex dynamics of urban change in South Africa and how such experiences in turn shape the country's urban social fabric. The proposed collaboration between the University of Liverpool (UoL), Southern African Social Policy Research Insights (SASPRI) and the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) comprises an inter-disciplinary team (Geography, Demography, Social Policy and Urban Planning) with complementary areas of expertise in relation to socioeconomic inequality and urban population change. The project relates to all four themes of the call but most strongly to the theme of diversity, migration and practice. South Africa continues to be a deeply unequal society with markedly different standards of living across population groups (or race) and spatially. The current evidence base concerning inequality in South Africa is relatively small, and says little about the changing geographies of inequalities, the associated impacts which are felt on the ground as individuals' 'lived experience' of inequality, and consequences for the urban social fabric of the country. In this project quantitative and qualitative methods are combined to examine the interplay between urban spatial transformation and social attitudes towards inequality, attachment to place, and social inclusion. The three-year research programme has four parts: (i) Mapping the changing geographies of inequality across South Africa. Satellite imagery and the 1996, 2001 and 2011 Censuses will be analysed to generate population profiles across South Africa at small area level over time. Measures of spatial evenness and clustering will be generated to characterise the spatial context of areas.Areas where inequalities (variously defined) have increased will be identified using demographic, social, economic and ethnic/racial characteristics of areas. An area typology will be developed which will inform the identification of areas for the qualitative research in Part 2. (ii) Focus groups will be undertaken to explore the factors and processes that shape people's experiences of inequality, and whether people's experiences of inequality affect their attachment to place and sense of social inclusion. Most groups will be undertaken within Cape Town, with a small number in the Eastern Cape Province due to its long-standing internal migration ties to Cape Town. This qualitative work will also feed back into the construction of new and improved quantitative spatial measures of the lived experience of inequality (Part 1).(iii) Surveying people's experiences of inequality and their attitudes to inequality. A new module of inequality-related questions will be designed for inclusion in the 2017 round of the nationally representative South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS).Analysis of data collected through SASAS will provide an additional means of assessing the lived experience of inequalities and provide important dependent variables for Part 4.(iv) Testing whether people's attitudes to inequality are associated with their experiences of inequality using new/refined dependent and independent variables in multilevel regression models. The quantitative spatial measures developed in Part 1 will be linked to the SASAS 2017 data to develop a more nuanced analytical appreciation of how inequality impacts on residents' lives and their attitudes about inequality and redress.The results of this project will offer important new insights which will support national and local government when developing evidence-based policies to tackle inequality. It will enable policies in the areas of housing, urban planning and poverty alleviation to be informed by analysis of the lived experience of inequality, derived from an inter-play of highly context-specific qualitative enquiry and cutting-edge quantitative techniques.