Energy and Forced Displacement: A Qualitative Approach to Light, Heat and Power in Refugee Camps

在被迫流离失所的情况下适用保护和援助的人道主义原则历来侧重于提供住所、食物、水以及卫生和健康。然而，由于冲突、人道主义紧急情况、自然灾害和环境变化而被迫流离失所的人也往往得不到现代能源服务。在对被迫流离失所的人道主义反应中，获得能源往往是一个缺失的支柱。2015年，难民署、国际发展部和挪威难民理事会与查塔姆研究所、皇家国际事务研究所、国际非政府组织实际行动和地球村能源伙伴关系一起，试图通过发起移动能源倡议来解决这一差距。移动能源倡议旨在通过设计和试点在流离失所人口中提供可持续能源的新办法和模式，使可持续能源供应成为应对被迫流离失所和人道主义紧急情况的关键部分。由于移动能源倡议为今后的干预奠定了基础，它已将收集和分析能源使用的定性数据确定为一项紧迫的研究优先事项。该项目通过与移动能源倡议、其执行伙伴实际行动以及肯尼亚和布基纳法索的研究小组进行为期15个月的合作，旨在通过将艺术和社会科学定性研究的传统与人道主义界理解和回应他们对光、热和电力的需求的方式相结合，改善流离失所者获得可持续能源的机会。这项研究由两个问题驱动：1)社会人类学和设计领域的定性研究方法可以告诉我们什么关于流离失所背景下的能源需求和需求？2)关于流离失所者的能源实践的定性数据可以告诉我们关于能源政策、产品和服务的设计？在爱丁堡大学社会人类学和设计专家的领导下，该项目将召集两个能源研究团队，提供人种学和以人为本的研究方法方面的培训；并收集肯尼亚达达布难民营和布基纳法索古布索难民营日常能源实践的50个情景案例研究。主要成果包括1)人类学定性方法的回顾和能源实践研究的设计；2)达达布能源的生活经验报告；3)古伊科，将在《猜想与实际行动》和《移动能源倡议》中出版；4)定性方法工具包，包括技术、战略和参考实例，供参与未来研究强迫流离失所情况下的能源实践的能源研究人员和人道主义组织使用；5)关于“置换设计”的非学术论文；6)用于采购和设计可持续照明、烹饪和离网能源系统产品的“置换设计”议定书(最佳做法、程序和公约守则)；和7)、8)、9)三篇学术研究文章，为艺术和社会科学领域的学术辩论提供关于能源和流离失所的新的实证数据和分析观点。该项目通过与移动能源倡议及其国际财团的伙伴关系，规划了一条对人道主义政策制定者产生影响的途径；通过2017年内罗毕设计周期间的影响和知识交流活动，介绍了撒哈拉以南非洲的人道主义或“扶贫”设计师；以及难民研究、移徙研究、发展研究、地理和科学/技术研究方面的学术知识，通过讲习班和出版物促进了未来的研究合作。

The application of humanitarian principles of protection and assistance in contexts of forced displacement have, historically, focused on the provision of shelter, food, water, and sanitation and health. Yet people forcibly displaced by conflict, humanitarian emergency, natural disasters and environmental change are also often left without access to modern energy services. Access to energy has often been a missing pillar in the humanitarian response to forced displacement. In 2015 the UNHCR, the Department for International Development, and the Norwegian Refugee Council, alongside Chatham House, the Royal Institute for International Affairs, and international non-governmental organisations Practical Action and the Global Village Energy Partnership sought to address this gap by launching the Moving Energy Initiative. The Moving Energy Initiative aims to make sustainable energy provision a key part of responses to forced displacement and humanitarian emergency, by designing and piloting new approaches and models for sustainable energy provision among displaced populations. As the Moving Energy Initiative lays the ground for future interventions it has identified the collection and analysis of qualitative data on energy use as an urgent research priority.This project - through a 15 month collaboration with the Moving Energy Initiative, its implementation partner Practical Action, and research teams in Kenya and Burkina Faso - aims to improve access to sustainable energy for displaced people by bringing traditions of qualitative research in the arts and social sciences to bear on the way that the humanitarian community understands and responds to their needs for light, heat and power. The research is driven by two questions: 1) What can approaches to qualitative research in social anthropology and design tell us about energy needs and demands in contexts of displacement? 2) What can qualitative data on the energy practices of displaced people tell us about the design of energy policies, products and services? Led by specialists in social anthropology and design at the University of Edinburgh, the project will assemble two teams of energy researchers, provide training in ethnographic, human-centred research methods; and collect 50 situated case studies of everyday energy practices in the Dadaab refugee camp, Kenya, and the Goudoubo camp, Burkina Faso.Key outputs include 1) a review of qualitative methods in anthropology and design for research on energy practices; 2) a report on the lived experience of Energy in Dadaab and 3) Goudoubo, to be published in conjecture with Practical Action and the Moving Energy Initiative; 4) a qualitative methods toolkit, with example techniques, strategies and references for use by energy researchers and humanitarian organisations involved in future studies of energy practice in contexts of forced displacement; 5) a commissioned non-academic essay on 'design for displacement'; 6) a 'design for displacement' protocol (code of best practice, procedures and conventions) for use in the procurement and design of products for sustainable lighting, cooking and off grid energy systems; and 7), 8), 9) three academic research articles that contribute new empirical data and analytical perspectives on energy and displacement to scholarly debates across the arts and social sciences.The project lays out a pathway to impact on humanitarian policy makers through its partnership with the Moving Energy Initiative and its international consortium; on humanitarian or 'pro-poor' designers in sub Saharan Africa through a programme of impact and knowledge exchange activities during Nairobi Design Week 2017; and on academic knowledge in refugee studies, migration studies, development studies, geography, and science/technology studies, fostering future research collaborations through a workshop and publications.