Gender Violence Across War and Peace

拟议的网络将调查战争与和平中存在的各种形式的性别暴力。性别暴力(定义为基于性别对个人或群体的暴力)是全球政治中的一个主要问题。结束对妇女和女孩的暴力行为的目标是妇女人权行动的核心，是国际社会可持续发展目标的主要内容，是联合国安理会授权的妇女、和平与安全议程的基本支柱，是英国国际发展部的主要目标，也是英国最近预防性暴力倡议的重点。由于这些政策议程，有必要对性别暴力的复杂性进行研究。该网络侧重于对这一复杂性采取一种独特的概念方法：暴力连续体框架。从广义上讲，“暴力连续体”强调战争与和平之间以及不同类别的暴力之间的连续性，强调现有的最好解释是针对整个社会长期存在的权力不平等，而不是大规模暴力和危机的特殊时刻。换句话说，它建议我们通过观察暴力的日常和结构性特征来最好地理解暴力。为了更好地框架对这些问题的研究，该网络重点关注四个与英国海外发展政策相关的国家局势：波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、伊拉克、黎巴嫩和斯里兰卡。在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那，机构未能妥善处理冲突后性暴力仍然是一个主要问题，网络参与者将分享他们的研究，为什么即使在冲突后重建和过渡司法这样一个备受瞩目的案件中，性别暴力也被忽视。性别暴力是伊拉克极端冲突局势的一个重要特征，无论是在流离失所方面，还是在以族裔或被认为的性取向为目标的群体方面，都有当前危机之前和附近的根源。与伊拉克库尔德斯坦的同事们一起，拟议的网络将促进人们对是什么推动了这场暴力的了解。大量涌入在黎巴嫩造成了重大的经济和社会压力，本身反映了性别暴力的多个地点，影响到女性但也影响到男性难民--在他们逃离的冲突中，在过境途中，在难民营中，以及通过性交易剥削。斯里兰卡社会在经历了几十年的内战后，正在为过渡司法而苦苦挣扎，据报道，在敌对行动正式结束期间和之后，性暴力水平很高。数以万计的境内流离失所者仍然生活在该国北部，持续存在的族裔分裂和缺乏正义的问题可能会阻碍可持续的和平与经济发展。该网络将通过以下方式增进对暴力连续体的了解：1)将研究人员、从业人员和活动家聚集在一起；2)对战争与和平中存在的多种相关形式的性别暴力进行比较，从而更深入地了解各种变化和适当的应对措施；3)制作研究摘要、视频短片、博客和政策简报，反映整个国家的持续挑战；以及4)促进未来实质性研究项目的协作，以便将战略网络的见解转化为持久的知识库，为学术、政策、从业人员和活动家减少一切形式的性别暴力的尝试提供信息。该网络将通过在伦敦和这四个国家本身举行的一系列会议来实现其目标，并利用这些会议和出版的成果与政策界接触，为进一步开展关于性别暴力的初步研究奠定基础。

The proposed network will investigate the diverse forms of gender violence that exist across war and peace.Gender violence (defined as violence committed against individuals or groups on the basis of ascribed gender) is a major issue in global politics. The aim of ending violence against women and girls is a centre-piece of women's human rights activism, a primary element of the international community's Sustainable Development Goals, a foundational pillar of the Women, Peace and Security agenda mandated by the United Nations Security Council, a major target for the UK Department for International Development, and the focus of the UK's recent Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative. Because of these policy agendas, there is a major need for research on the complexities of gender violence. This network focuses in on one distinctive conceptual approach to this complexity: the continuum of violence framework. In broad terms, the "continuum of violence" stresses the continuities between war and peace, and amongst the varying categories of violence, to emphasise that the best available explanations attend to long-standing inequalities of power characterising society at large, rather than exceptional moments of large-scale violence and crisis. In other words, it suggests that we best understand violence by looking at its everyday and structural character.To better frame research on these issues, the Network focuses on four country situations where the continuum of violence framework is relevant to UK overseas development policy: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Lebanon and Sri Lanka.In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the failure of institutions to properly address post-conflict sexual violence continues to be a major issue, and Network participants will share their research on why gender violence has been neglected even in such a high profile case of post-conflict reconstruction and transitional justice. Gender violence is a significant feature of the extreme situation of conflict in Iraq, both in terms of displacement and in the targeting of groups on the basis of ethnicity or the ascribed sexual orientation, but with roots preceding and adjacent to the current crisis. With colleagues in Iraqi Kurdistan the proposed Network will advance understanding of what drives this violence. Mass inflows have led to major economic and social strain in Lebanon and are themselves reflective of multiple sites for gender violence affecting female but also male refugees - in the conflicts they fled, in transit, in refugee camps, and in exploitation through transaction sex. Sri Lankan society is struggling with transitional justice after decades of civil war, with high levels of sexual violence reported during and after the formal end of hostilities. Tens of thousands of IDPs remain in the country's north, with continuing issues of ethnic division and lack of justice liable to impede sustainable peace and economic development.The Network will advance understanding of the continuum of violence by: 1) bringing together researchers, practitioners and activists; 2) assembling a comparative picture of the multiple and related forms of gender violence as they exist across war and peace, leading to a more sophisticated understanding of variation and appropriate responses; 3) produce research summaries, short videos, blogs and policy briefings that reflect ongoing challenges across the country situations; and 4) facilitate collaboration for substantive future research projects in order to translate insights from the strategic network into a lasting knowledge base that may inform academic, policy, practitioner and activist attempts to mitigate gendered violence in all of its forms. The Network will achieve its aims through a series of meetings in London and in the four countries themselves, and make use of these meetings and published outputs to engage the policy community and prepare the ground for further primary research on gender violence.