New and Emerging Forms of Violence Data for Crisis Response: A Comparative Analysis in Kenya

该项目将产生第一个强有力的证据基础上的机会和社会媒体的暴力报告数据的局限性，为英国的紧急和危机应对提供信息。这些应对措施包括：向弱势和受冲突影响的人口提供有针对性的人道主义支助;开展快速冲突和风险评估，为政策和战略行动提供信息;支持中期政治和其他和解努力（国际开发部，2009年、2010年）。联合王国政府有效的危机和应急反应越来越依赖于及时、可靠的政治暴力数据的可用性，以确定危机的规模和层面，并调整应对措施（英国国际开发署，2013年）。虽然社交媒体对暴力的报道可以为危机应对的设计、目标定位和地理分布提供信息，但对其可靠性和全面性的可靠研究有限。研究强调了社会边缘成员与那些声音被社交媒体放大的人之间的重大“技术差距”。（Perera，2015）;反映出对社交媒体没有平等反映包括妇女和女孩在内的最弱势群体或数字渠道有限的人群的经历的关切，他们往往是危机应对的关键目标。传统媒体在选择和报道方面也会产生某些偏见（Wigmore-Shepherd，2015）。然而，几乎没有研究严格测试数据差距的性质或程度，这意味着决策者在没有强有力的证据证明数据可靠性和全面性的情况下制定应对措施。本项目通过测试社交媒体数据的可靠性和全面性来解决这一差距，并与传统媒体在实时背景下对暴力的报道进行对比：2017年8月的肯尼亚选举。它将确定新数据为政策提供的机会，以及哪些限制因素限制了可用性，沿着三个方面：1）报告的及时性; 2）危机应对的目标; 3）暴力风险的地理位置。在肯尼亚广泛使用社交媒体的基础上，以及通过社交媒体报道暴力的历史（Meier，2008）该案例有助于在一个有希望的背景下测试社交媒体数据。将对两个政治暴力数据来源进行比较映射和分析：1）来自肯尼亚Uwiano社交媒体和众包数字平台的报告; 2）武装冲突地点和事件数据集（ACLED）从已发布的媒体来源编码的报告。将收集六个月的数据（选举前四个月和选举后两个月）。将在内罗毕与肯尼亚政治暴力问题政策、研究和民间社会专家举行的讲习班上讨论、验证和实地验证调查结果，以评估数据来源的全面性和对应对措施的影响，将通过国际发展部和外交和联邦事务部工作人员的核心作用确保研究的影响和吸收，作为项目组的非学术成员。这将确保根据联合王国政府的优先事项，通过数据使用和分析，最大限度地发挥政策相关性;通过有针对性地将证据纳入联合王国政府的具体分析、政策和规划工具，支持研究的吸收和影响;并促进对联合王国政府补充方案的绩效评估。该项目将通过利用新的和正在出现的数据建立一个强有力的证据库，确保资金的影响和价值;以及在现实世界的比较中系统地映射离散数据的优势，劣势和机会。据我们所知，拟议的研究代表了第一次尝试在比较背景下严格和系统地映射这些机会和限制，从而为围绕数字暴力监测平台的学习和部署提供强大的证据基础。

The project will produce the first robust evidence base on the opportunities and limitations of social media data on violence reporting to inform UK emergency and crisis response. These responses include targeted humanitarian support to vulnerable and conflict-affected populations, development of rapid conflict and risk assessments to inform policy and strategic action, and support to political and other reconciliation efforts in the medium-term (DfID, 2009, 2010). Effective UK Government crisis and emergency response increasingly depends on the availability of timely, reliable data on political violence, to determine the scale and dimensions of crises and tailor responses (UKAid, 2013). While social media reports of violence can inform the design, targeting, and geography of crisis response, there is limited robust research on their reliability and comprehensiveness.Research highlights significant 'technology gaps' between members at margins of society, and those whose voices are amplified by social media (Perera, 2015); reflecting concerns that social media does not equally reflect experiences of the most vulnerable, including women and girls, or populations with limited digital access, who are often key crisis response targets. Conventional media also reproduce certain biases in selection and coverage (Wigmore-Shepherd, 2015). Nevertheless, little research has rigorously tested the nature or extent of data gaps, meaning policymakers develop responses without robust evidence on data reliability and comprehensiveness.This project addresses this gap, by testing reliability and comprehensiveness of social media data, against conventional media reporting of violence in a real-time context: the August 2017 Kenyan elections. It will identify opportunities new data provide for policy, and what limitations restrict usability, along three dimensions: 1) reporting timeliness; 2) targeting of crisis response; 3) geographies of violence risk. Building on extensive social media use in Kenya, and a history of violence reporting via social media (Meier, 2008) the case facilitates a test of social media data in a promising context.Two sources of political violence data will be comparatively mapped and analysed: 1) reports from the Uwiano social media and crowdsourced digital platform in Kenya; 2) reports coded from published media sources by the Armed Conflict Location & Event Dataset (ACLED). Data will be collected for six months (four months prior to, and two months following, elections). Findings will be discussed, validated and ground-truthed in workshops in Nairobi with policy, research, and civil society experts on Kenyan political violence, to assess comprehensiveness of both data sources and implications for response.Research impact and uptake will be ensured through the central role of the Department for International Development (DfID) and Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) staff, as non-academic members of the project team. This will ensure maximal policy relevance through data use and analysis in accordance with UK Government priorities; support research uptake and impact through targeted integration of evidence into specific UK Government analytic, policy and planning instruments; and facilitate performance assessments of complementary UK Government programming. The project will ensure impact and value for money through creation of a robust evidence base on use of new and emerging data; and systematic mapping of strengths, weaknesses and opportunities of discrete data in a real-world comparison.To our knowledge, the proposed study represents the first attempt to rigorously and systematically map these opportunities and limitations in comparative context, and thus provide a robust evidence base for learning and deployment around digital violence monitoring platforms.