Do neighbourhoods matter? Country- cluster- and individual effects on attitudes towards intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries

该研究将解决我们在理解中亚、东亚和南亚、太平洋、欧洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比以及北非和撒哈拉以南非洲54个低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）中妇女和男子在社区层面对亲密伴侣暴力侵害妇女（IPV）的态度方面存在的重大知识差距。该研究以首席研究员最近的研究[ES/L009811/1]为基础，将为三个原始领域的循证预防提供信息：1)低收入和中等收入国家男女邻里态度的地理模式和空间分析；2)确定社区、地区和国家对IPV态度的社会、经济和政治影响。3)立法和社会经济、政治等因素对IPV态度的中介作用。为IPV辩护的态度是IPV实施/受害的最强预测因子。人们日益认识到国家一级的社会、政治和经济影响对IPV的社会可接受性的影响。我们最近在国家和个人层面对IPV态度的多国研究，其他新兴研究和来自社区组织的证据都强调了迫切需要研究当地环境（即社区）对IPV接受程度的影响。贫困、受教育机会、受教育程度、有偿就业、妇女政治参与和农村/城市居住等邻里特征对IPV正当性的影响尚未得到充分研究。这将是跨地理区域的低收入和中等收入国家的第一项研究，旨在检查国家和跨国环境中妇女和男子接受IPV的邻里风险因素。它将为地方、国家和国际预防方案的战略发展提供急需的数据。IPV立法对态度的影响是复杂的，很少被理解。虽然目前有140多个国家对IPV有明确的法律，但IPV的流行和接受仍然很普遍。我们将梳理出关键的社会经济和政治因素，如教育、媒体获取和政治冲突，如何调节立法对IPV可接受性的影响。这项研究将使用具有全国代表性、国际可比性的家庭调查，其中包括关于妇女和男子IPV态度的个人、社区、区域和国家一级的数据；以及由该项目的首席研究员利用高质量的专题数据库和联合国关于各国社会和经济发展的数据库构建的元数据库。这将是第一个在中低收入国家使用空间和制图技术的研究，以突出妇女和男子对IPV态度的邻里模式以及IPV高接受度的“热点”。尖端的多层次统计分析将有助于确定个人、邻里、区域和国家社会经济和政治因素对IPV接受水平的贡献。该研究小组在开展该项目方面具有独特的优势，拥有IPV态度和初级预防研究方面的专门知识，在使用人口与健康调查和相关国家一级数据集方面的深入知识和丰富经验，以及在拟议的分析技术方面的专门知识。拟议的项目建立在由首席研究员构建的经过质量检查和统一的国家一级指标的强大和独特的元数据库的基础上，将在不产生过多成本的情况下贡献相当大的附加值。该项目的多学科咨询小组由国际知名的IPV研究专家组成，为该项目的发展提供了信息，并将继续在研究设计、分析和结果解释方面提供意见。他们将通过自己的组织、国家和区域办事处、合作的社区组织以及与国家政府的关系促进传播和影响活动。

The study will address significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of women's and men's attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPV) at the neighbourhood-level in 54 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across Central-, East- and South Asia, the Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and North- and Sub-Saharan Africa. The study builds on the lead investigator's recent research [ES/L009811/1] and will inform evidence-based prevention in 3 original areas: 1) Geographical patterning and spatial analyses of neighbourhood attitudes amongst women and men in LMICs2) Identifying the social, economic and political influences on IPV attitudes across neighbourhoods, regions and countries.3) Impact of legislation and mediating effects of socio-economic and political factors like on IPV attitudes. Attitudes justifying IPV is the strongest predictor of IPV perpetration/victimisation. There is growing recognition of country-level social, political and economic influences on societal acceptability of IPV. Our recent multi-country study on IPV attitudes at country- and individual-levels, other emergent research and evidence from community-based organisations highlight the urgent need for research into the impact of local contexts, that is, neighbourhoods, on the acceptance of IPV. The impact of neighbourhood features such as poverty, access to education and educational attainment, paid employment, women's political participation, and rural/urban residence on IPV justification has been understudied. This would be the first study in LMICs across geographical regions to examine neighbourhood risk factors of IPV acceptance amongst women and men within and across national and cross-national environments. It would provide much-needed data for strategic development of local, national and international prevention programming.The influence of IPV legislation on attitudes is complex and little understood. Whilst over 140 countries currently have explicit laws on IPV, prevalence of IPV and its acceptance remains widespread. We will tease out how key socio-economic and political factors like education, media access, and political conflict may mediate the impact of legislation on IPV acceptability.The study will use nationally-representative, internationally comparable household surveys with individual-, neighbourhood, regional- and country-level data on both women's and men's IPV attitudes; and a meta-database constructed by the project's lead investigator using high quality topic-specific and UN databases on countries' social and economic development. This will be the first study using spatial and mapping techniques in LMICs to highlight neighbourhood patterns in women's and men's attitudes to IPV and the 'hotspots' of high IPV acceptance. Cutting-edge multilevel statistical analyses will help identify the contribution of individual, neighbourhood, regional and national socio-economic and political factors to IPV acceptance levels.The research team is uniquely placed to carry out the project with expertise in IPV attitudinal and primary prevention research, intimate knowledge of and extensive experience in using the Demographic and Health Surveys and relevant country-level datasets, and expertise in the proposed analytical techniques. Building on a robust and unique meta-database of quality-checked and harmonised country-level indicators constructed by the lead investigator the proposed project will contribute considerable added value without incurring excessive costs. The project's multidisciplinary Advisory Group of internationally renowned experts in IPV research informed the development of this project and will continue to input on study design, analyses and interpretation of findings. They will facilitate dissemination and impact activities through their organisations, country and regional offices, collaborating community-based organisations, and their leverage with national governments.