Promoting inclusion in decent work for Ugandan young people: will reducing violence help?

2018年，Time‘s Up运动宣布“工作场所的性侵、骚扰和不平等问题已经不再存在”。这些要求也与世界主要发展目标产生共鸣：体面工作和经济增长(可持续发展目标8)和两性平等(可持续发展目标5)，并影响金融安全以及良好的健康和福祉(可持续发展目标1和3)。暴力、骚扰和劳动结果之间的交集对青少年特别重要，因为相当大一部分人在青春期和成年早期进入全职工作；全球估计表明，虐待在18岁之前很普遍，有10亿18岁及以下的儿童和青少年报告了过去一年的暴力行为。然而，无论是在全球还是在乌干达，几乎没有经验证据表明儿童和青少年的暴力经历如何影响a)参加技能方案、进入工作岗位和体面就业；b)年轻人在其工作场所经历的身体、性和情感暴力的程度和性质。在这个项目中，我们将探讨儿童期和青春期的暴力经历是否会导致：进入工作的年龄不平等、留在工作中、工作是危险的还是无害的；以及通过技能培训方案和教育缓解这些不平等的可能性。我们还将探讨年轻人在就业中经历的工作场所暴力的性质。我们的重点将放在乌干达，但我们也将在适当的情况下使用国际数据。为此，我们将对现有数据进行分析，并进行一项新的定性研究，我们将召集一个新的利益攸关方网络提供意见。我们将绘制乌干达目前技能培训提供的地理覆盖面图，并按性别、年龄、社会经济地位、残疾状况描述当前技能方案的包容性；有多少现有方案涉及参与者的暴力历史；以及有多少现有方案包含解决工作场所暴力的任何组成部分。我们将对国际纵向研究进行系统审查，以探索儿童暴力与就业结果之间的联系。我们将分析来自两个国际数据集的数据，即来自8个国家的暴力侵害儿童行为调查和国际移民组织乌干达被贩运移民助理数据库(TMAD)。这些分析将告诉我们，暴力经历是否以及如何与童年期间的工作和无人陪伴的劳动力移徙有关。我们将使用乌干达卢韦罗地区的青少年暴力背景队列(CoVAC)研究中的数据，该研究长期跟踪青少年。这些独特的数据将提供信息，说明以前的身体、性和情感暴力经历是否会影响一)进入劳动力大军的年龄，二)留在工作岗位，以及三)从事危险或非危险工作。我们还将记录参加技能计划的普及率，以及这是否与危险工作的可能性以及工作场所身体、性和情感暴力的普及率有关。所有这些分析都将为我们新的定性研究提供问题。这项研究将审查人们被招募到乌干达技能和就业方案的经历，方案招聘机制如何将弱势青年，特别是那些遭受暴力和/或童工的年轻人排除在外，以及年轻人对在技能培训方案中提供暴力预防战略的看法。所有这些分析的结果将使网络成员了解如何最好地使其技能方案对有暴力历史的人更具包容性和相关性，以及如何将技能方案作为减少对乌干达年轻人的工作场所暴力的平台。

In 2018, the Time's Up Movement declared "the clock has run out on sexual assault, harassment and inequality in the workplace". These demands also resonate with the world's major development goals: decent work and economic growth (SDG 8) and gender equality (SDG 5), and influence financial security and good health and well-being (SDGs 1 and 3). Intersections between violence, harassment and labour outcomes are particularly relevant for adolescents, because substantial proportions enter full-time work during adolescence and early adulthood; and global estimates indicate that abuse is prevalent before age 18, with 1 billion children and adolescents aged 18 and under reporting past year violence. However, there is little empirical evidence either globally or in Uganda on how experiences of violence in childhood and adolescence affect a) participation in skills programmes, entry into work, and decent employment; and b) about the extent and nature of physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by young people in their workplaces. In this project, we will explore whether experiences of violence in childhood and adolescence lead to: inequalities in age at entry into work, retention in work, whether work is hazardous or non-hazardous; and the potential for these inequalities to be mitigated by skills training programmes and education. We will also explore the nature of workplace violence experienced by young people in employment. Our focus will be on Uganda but we will also use international data where relevant.To do this, we will conduct analyses of existing data and a new qualitative study, with input from a new network of stakeholders we will convene. We will map the current geographical coverage of skills training provision in Uganda, and describe how inclusive current skills programs are by sex, age, socio-economic status, disability status; how many existing programs address histories of violence in participants; and how many existing programmes contain any components to address workplace violence. We will conduct a systematic review of international longitudinal studies to explore links between childhood violence and employment outcomes. We will analyse data from 2 international datasets, the Violence against Children Surveys (VACS) from 8 countries, and the International Organization for Migration Trafficked Migrants Assistant Database for Uganda (TMAD). These analyses will tell us about whether and how experiences of violence are associated with working during childhood, and unaccompanied labour migration. We will use data from the Contexts of Violence in Adolescence Cohort (CoVAC) Study in Luwero District, Uganda, which follows adolescents over time. These unique data will provide information on whether previous experience of physical, sexual and emotional violence affect i) age at entry into the labour force, ii) retention in work, and iii) whether hazardous or non-hazardous work is undertaken. We will also document the prevalence of participation in skills programs, and whether this is related to the likelihood of hazardous work, and the prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional workplace violence.All of these analyses will inform questions for our new qualitative study. This study will examine people's experiences of being recruited into skills and employment programmes in Uganda, how programme recruitment mechanisms might in the exclusion of vulnerable young people, particularly those experiencing violence and/or child labour, and young people's views on the provision of violence prevention strategies within skills training programmes.Results from all of these analyses will inform network members about how best to make their skills programs more inclusive and relevant for people with histories of violence, and about how to use skills programmes as a platform to reduce workplace violence against Ugandan young people.