Protracted Displacement Economies

在世界各地，难民和流离失所者仍然处于不稳定状态，无法返回家园，在他们居住的地方不受欢迎，前往其他地方面临越来越多的困难。世界上大多数难民已经在这种情况下生活了5年以上，这个门槛通常被称为“长期”。随着危机的延长，人道主义反应的局限性早已被认为是不足和不充分的。陷入这种情况的难民和国内流离失所者经常说，他们看着自己的生命“逐渐枯竭”。向流离失所者提供的支持模式被联合国难民署（UNHCR）称为“照顾和维持”，但也许更准确地说，对这一政策进行彻底改变的倡导者将其称为难民的“仓储”。全球政策的兴趣正从短期的人道主义转向长期的发展重点应对长期流离失所。2018年12月的《难民问题全球契约》最近表明了这一点。《难民契约》围绕难民的长期自力更生采用了积极的语言。该项目响应了寻找解决长期流离失所问题新办法的新政治意愿，并以该领域的一系列研究和宣传工作为基础。它研究了用一种新的方法替代护理和维护模式：长期位移经济。长期流离失所经济引入了两个关键的创新，这将有助于这一原始分析以及潜在的影响。1)全社会对策。重点不仅是流离失所者，而且是“受流离失所影响的社区”，其中包括异质的“收容”人口等。2)对推动长期流离失所经济的交易的理解发生根本性转变。金融交易是大多数经济分析的内容，但关键的人际互动和交换或礼物、集体组织、护理工作和互助在很大程度上是非金融的。研究将涉及10个国家，5对国家，每对国家由国际边界分开：刚果民主共和国(DRC)/乌干达，埃塞俄比亚/索马里，黎巴嫩/叙利亚，缅甸/泰国，巴基斯坦/阿富汗。这十个国家包含了世界上最严重的长期流离失所危机。研究将在每对国家中的一个国家与合作伙伴一起进行，并将注意长期流离失所经济的跨界动态。国际合作伙伴包括：刚果研究与战略研究小组（GREC）（DRC）、东非和南部非洲社会科学研究组织（OSSREA）（埃塞俄比亚）、非政府组织Basmeh & Zeitooneh和Sawa（黎巴嫩）、智库公约研究所（缅甸）和白沙瓦大学（巴基斯坦）。在这五个国家中的每一个国家，将选择三个地点进行实证研究，包括每个国家至少一个城市社区和至少一个营地。在3年的时间里，这15个地点将参与社区讨论、大规模调查和定性访谈。这一进程中来自更远地方的关键利益相关者将参与定期会议，以便研究的每个阶段都有相关专业知识提供信息。该项目将引入视频叙事的新方法，培训每个地点的人员制作五分钟的长期流离失所经济视频，然后将其配音并在所有研究地点共享。这些影片促进了广泛的创新产出，突出了长期流离失所经济的运作。流离失所的人发展自己的经济活动，包括分享和互助等非金融做法以及创业活动。随着时间的推移，社区组织开始蓬勃发展。该项目旨在支持这一进程，使流离失所者能够满怀希望地展望未来

Around the world refugees and displaced people remain in limbo, unable to return home, unwanted where they are living and facing increasing difficulties to go anywhere else. The majority of refugees in the world have been in these situations for more than 5years, a threshold usually referred to as 'protracted'. As crises become prolonged, the limitations of the humanitarian response have long been recognised as insufficient and inadequate. Refugees and Internally Displaced People caught up in these situations often speak of watching their lives 'draining away'. The model of support offered to displaced people is known by the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) as 'care and maintenance' but perhaps more accurately by advocates of a radical change to this policy as the 'warehousing' of refugees. Global policy interest is shifting from short term humanitarianism to longer term development focused responses to protracted displacement. This was most recently indicated by the Global Compact on Refugees, in December 2018. The Refugee Compact introduces positive language around the long-term self reliance of refugees. This project responds to this renewed political will to find new solutions to protracted displacement and builds on a body of research and advocacy work in this area. It investigates the replacement of the care and maintenance model with a new approach: the protracted displacement economy. The protracted displacement economy introduces two key innovations that will contribute to this original analysis as well the potential for impact. 1) A whole of society approach. The focus is not just on displaced people but the 'displacement affected community', that includes the heterogeneous 'host' population, amongst others. 2) fundamental shift in the understanding of the transactions that drive the protracted displacement economy. Financial transactions are the stuff of most economic analysis, yet key human interactions and exchanges or gifts, collective organisation, care work and mutual aid are largely non-financial. Research will involve ten countries, 5 pairs of countries each separated by an international border: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)/Uganda, Ethiopia/Somalia, Lebanon/Syria, Myanmar/Thailand, Pakistan/Afghanistan. These ten countries encompass the most serious protracted displacement crises in the world. Research will be conducted with partners in one of each pair of countries and will be attentive to the cross-border dynamics of the protracted displacement economy. International partners are: The Group for Research and Strategic Study on the Congo (GREC)(DRC), the Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA)(Ethiopia), the NGOs Basmeh & Zeitooneh and Sawa (Lebanon), the think tank Covenant Institute (Myanmar) and the University of Peshawar (Pakistan). In each of these five countries, three locations will be selected for empirical research, including at least one urban neighbourhood and at least one camp in each country. Over 3 years, these 15 locations will be involved in community discussions, large scale surveys and qualitative interviews. Key stakeholders in this process from further afield will be involved in regular meetings so that every stage in the research is informed by relevant expertise. The project will introduce the new approach of video narratives, training groups of people in each location to produce five minute videos of the protracted displacement economy that will then be dubbed and shared across all research sites. These films contribute to a wide range of innovative outputs that highlight the operation of the protracted displacement economy. Displaced people develop their own economic activities, including non-financial practices such as sharing and mutual aid as well as entrepreneurial activities. With time, community organisations begin to thrive. The project aims to support this process so that displaced people can look to the future with hope