Unequal geographies of risk in the city: 'Everyday' embodiments and strategies of resistance in Metro Cebu, the Philippines

菲律宾是世界上受灾最严重的国家之一，被认为特别容易受到气候变化的不利影响。作为对这些问题日益增长的国际意识和关注的反映，2030年发展议程标志着气候变化首次明确地被纳入全球框架，可持续发展目标(SDG)13呼吁各国“采取紧急行动控制气候变化及其影响”。关于城市复原力和减少灾害风险管理的可持续发展目标9和11以及人居署的《新城市议程》承认气候变化和减少灾害风险管理是新出现的城市发展挑战，证明了为应对城市脆弱性，特别是应对与气候有关的灾害的脆弱性而进行的先发制人的规划在国际上也越来越受欢迎。在菲律宾，和其他地方一样，以社区为基础的(CB)DRRM已成为指导干预的核心正统观念，特别是在城市贫困地区。然而，这种自下而上的风险治理形式在多大程度上实际上加强了国家在满足城市穷人需求方面的参与度和责任感，尚未得到严格评估。对按性别和分类参与CBDRRM的原因和后果的关注也在很大程度上被忽视。我认为，这些是重要的调查要点，以确保社区(特别是妇女)不会被留在以参与、赋权和复原力的语言笼罩下的“重建更好”的大部分负担上。我的研究对如何理解和解决这些复杂问题做出了重要贡献，将重点从对异常风险和减灾的主要技术科学评估转移到那些最容易受到这些事件影响、但通常被排除在政策对话之外的人的日常现实和观点上。我揭示了与风险和灾难的遭遇是如何与性别相关的，并认为这些性别风险情景(而不是通常预测的“女性空闲时间”的神话)有助于解释菲律宾参与CBDRRM的女性化模式。我还确定了土地保有权与住房不安全和灾害之间的关系，在这些灾害中，灾害正被机会主义地用来驱逐非正式定居者。我认为，这些动态延伸到了灾害风险治理领域，在这个领域，风险和脆弱性的标签被主观地归因于城市贫困社区，以使国家主导的拆迁合法化，这种拆迁是在“有利于穷人的发展”和“防灾”城市的支持下进行的。通过提请注意风险和风险管理的性别和分类体现，以及复原力建设和气候变化适应议程如何被操纵以服务于精英利益并将城市穷人赶出城市，该项目提出了关于城市气候正义和可持续城市发展是什么以及应该如何实现这些问题的重要问题。在这个奖学金项目中，我将开发出版物并组织研讨会/会议，向学术和非学术受众传达我的博士研究成果，对技术科学对风险的评估和对城市穷人的贬损描述提供相反的叙述，并寻求推动围绕城市弹性和可持续发展议程的性别和分类影响的更微妙的跨学科辩论。在奖学金的早期，我还将在宿务进行后续实地调查，以了解2016/17年度选举后行政改组后大宿务城市发展计划的进展情况，并从社区中的主要受访者那里了解城市参与或努力挑战这些进程的最新情况。

The Philippines is one of the most disaster-affected countries in the world and considered especially vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. As a reflection of growing international awareness and concern for these issues, the 2030 Development Agenda marks the first time that climate change has featured explicitly in a global framework, with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 calling on countries to 'take urgent action to control climate change and its impacts'. Pre-emptive planning to address the vulnerability of cities, in particular, to climate-related hazards is also gaining traction internationally, as evidenced in SDGs 9, and 11 on urban resilience and disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) and UN-Habitat's New Urban Agenda which recognises climate change and DRRM as emerging urban development challenges. In the Philippines, as elsewhere, community-based (CB)DRRM has become a core orthodoxy informing intervention, especially in urban poor areas. However the extent to which this form of 'bottom-up' risk governance has actually enhanced the engagement and accountability of the state in meeting the needs of the urban poor has yet to be critically assessed. Attention to the causes and consequences of gendered and classed participation in CBDRRM has also been largely neglected. These, I argue, are important points of inquiry to ensure that communities (and women in particular) are not left to shoulder the bulk of the burdens for 'building back better', shrouded in a language of participation, empowerment and resilience. My research makes an important contribution to how these complex issues are understood and addressed, shifting the focus away from dominant techno-scientific appraisals of exceptional risks and hazard mitigation, towards the everyday realities and perspectives of those most exposed and vulnerable to these events, yet typically excluded from policy conversations. I reveal how encounters with risk and disaster are gendered, and argue that these gendered riskscapes (rather than the commonly projected myth of 'women's free time') help to explain feminised patterns of participation in CBDRRM in the Philippines. I also identify a relationship between land tenure and housing insecurity, and disasters, wherein disasters are being used opportunistically to evict informal settlers. These dynamics, I argue, extend to the realm of disaster risk governance, where labels of risk and vulnerability are subjectively ascribed to urban poor communities to legitimise state-driven demolitions under the auspices of 'pro-poor development' and 'disaster proofing' the city. By drawing attention to the gendered and classed embodiments of risk and risk management, and to how resilience-building and climate change adaptation agendas are manipulated to serve elite interests and displace the urban poor from the city, this project raises important questions about what urban climate justice and sustainable urban development look like, and how they should be achieved. In this fellowship I will develop publications and organise workshops/conferences to communicate my PhD findings to academic and non-academic audiences, offering a counter narrative to techno-scientific appraisals of risk and pejorative depictions of the urban poor, and seeking to advance more nuanced interdisciplinary debates around the gendered and classed implications of urban resilience and sustainable development agendas. Early on in the fellowship, I will also conduct follow-up fieldwork in Cebu to see how the Mega Cebu urban development plan has been progressing following the 2016/17 post-election administrative reshuffle, and to get an update from key respondents in the community on urban poor engagement in or efforts to contest these processes.