Rule of Law in the Age of AI: Principles of Distributive Liability for Multi-Agent Societies

英国和日本在对法律责任进行分类时采用了类似的主体性模式。从历史和哲学的角度来看，这种主体性模式根植于能够在给定环境中行使自由意志的人类行动者的形象，将法律责任归咎于被想象为自主和独立的人类行动者。然而，人工智能（AI）的最新进展增强了人工代理（如自动驾驶系统、配备人工情感智能的社交机器人、智能手术或诊断助理系统）的自主性，挑战了这种传统的代理概念，同时提出了在分布式人机代理网络中确定法律责任的严重实际问题。例如，如果事故发生在人与智能机器的合作中，我们不知道根据现有的法律理论如何分配法律责任。虽然法律理论假设自主的人类代理人应该承担事故的责任，但根据认知心理学、主体性批判理论和科学技术人类学的发现，在人与智能机器交互的情况下，人的主体性本身受到智能机器行为的影响。这种缺乏透明和明确的法律责任分配原则的情况，可能妨碍人类尊严和技术创新可以并行发展的社会的健康发展，因为没有可行的法律责任制度，没有人能够信任可能造成身体或致命伤害的机器的行为和质量。面对这一挑战,将加重和扩散引起的AI在英国和日本,我们的研究的目的是明确法律责任的分配原理的多主体社会提出相关的法律政策,建立法治时代的AI,这使我们能够构建“Najimi社会”在人类和智能机器可以同居,与对文化多样性的主体性的形成。为了实现上述目标，我们创建了三个相互关联和合作的研究小组：法-经济-哲学小组，在经验丰富的法律从业者和政策制定者的支持下，基于与人类主体性相对性哲学相联系的动态博弈论，提出了分析和评估多主体情境的程式化模型，以其他小组的定量数据和定性数据为基础，找出人工智能时代法律责任的分配原则和法治的法律政策。第二组：认知机器人与人类因素和认知心理学小组，实施各种计算机模拟和心理学实验，以获取有关人类互动和表现以及智能机器（在本例中为（模拟）自动驾驶汽车）的态度和经验的数据。该小组的产出将审查第一组模型的有效性，并主要提供与第一组主观性有关的定量数据，从而帮助建立更可靠的模型和可行的法律原则和政策。第三组：文化人类学小组，在日本和英国从事人类与机器人关系的比较民族志田野调查，以更好地解释在不同的社会、法律和科学背景下分布式代理的文化可变性。这一组的输出将有助于定量数据的解释，并使第一组保持对多样性的敏感性。通过上述固有的跨学科和国际合作，我们的项目将通过澄清法律制度，使英国和日本社会更容易接受新兴技术。

The UK and Japan appeal to similar models of subjectivity in categorizing legal liability. Rooted historically and philosophically in the figure of the human actor capable of exercising free will within a given environment, such a model of subjectivity ascribes legal liability to human agents imagined as autonomous and independent. However, recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) that augment the autonomy of artificial agents such as autonomous driving systems, social robots equipped with artificial emotional intelligence, and intelligent surgery or diagnosis assistant system challenge this traditional notion of agency while presenting serious practical problems for determining legal liability within networks of distributed human-machine agency. For example, if the accident occurs from cooperation between human and an intelligent machine, we do not know how to distribute legal liability based on current legal theory. Although legal theory assumes that the autonomous human agent should take the responsibility of the accident, but in the case of human-intelligent machine interaction, human subjectivity itself is influenced by the behavior of intelligent machines, according to the findings of cognitive psychology, of the critical theory of subjectivity, and of the anthropology of science and technology. This lack of the transparent and clear distributive principles of legal liability may hamper the healthy development of society where human dignity and technological innovation can travel together, because, no one can trust the behavior and quality of the machine, that may cause corporal or lethal injury, without workable legal liability regime. Faced with this challenge, that is caused and will be aggravated by the proliferation of AI in UK and Japan, an objective of our study is to make the distributive principle of legal liability clear in the multi-agent society and proposing the relevant legal policy to establish the rule of law in the age of AI, that enables us to construct the "Najimi society" where humans and intelligent machines can cohabit, with sensitivity to the cultural diversity of the formation of subjectivity. In order to achieve the objective above, we create the three interrelated and collaborative research groups: Group 1: Law-Economics-Philosophy group that proposes the stylized model to analyze and evaluate the multi-agent situation, based on dynamic game theory connected to the philosophy of the relativity of human subjectivity, in order to figure out the distributive principle of legal liability and the legal policy for the rule of law in the age of AI, based on both the quantitative data and qualitative data from the other groups, with the support from experienced legal practitioner and policy makers.Group 2: Cognitive Robotics and Human Factors and Cognitive Psychology group that implements various computer simulation and psychological experiments to capture data on human interaction and performance with as well as attidues and experience of intelligent machines - in this case (simulated) autonomous vehicles. The outputs of this group will examine the validity of the first group's model and provide mainly the quantitative data relating to subjectivity with the first group, leading to help to construct more reliable model and workable legal principles and policies.Group 3: Cultural Anthropology group that engages in comparative ethnographic fieldwork on human-robot relations within Japan and the UK to better account for the cultural variability of distributed agency within differing social, legal, and scientific contexts. The output of this group will help the interpretation of the quantitative data and allow the first group to keep sensitivities to the diversity. By the inherently transdisiciplinary and international cooperation described above, our project will contribute to make UK and Japanese society more adoptive to emerging technology through clarifying the legal regime.