Immobility, citizenship and belonging in London and São Paulo

该奖学金将探索全球化世界中不流动、归属感和公民身份的理论、思想和经验。这将抵消移民研究对流动性的关注，这种研究忽视了大多数人如何在拥有移民手段的情况下选择留下来。“留居者”的动机和经历与移民一样丰富、复杂，值得研究。虽然有地方和区域尺度的文献，但出于对国家和“人”等更大的想象社会有机体的“忠诚”，不动的概念尚未得到充分研究（Schewel, 2019）。公民如何想象不流动，以及它如何影响他们在国际层面上的（非）移民决策，对关注人口保留和发展公民身份的政策制定者有影响。对不同理想的“忠诚”的争议性也暴露了最近在全球南北政治中日益加剧的政治两极分化的紧张局势。以巴西为例，这个国家正在经历越来越多的移民，尤其是中产阶级。这一点，再加上较低的替代生育率，意味着理解那些既想留下又想离开的人的动机是必要的，尤其是因为我的研究表明，这些中产阶级移民很少寄回汇款。人们移民、移民或留在英国的动机对于英国政策制定者来说也是至关重要的（Baldwin-Edwards et al. 2019）。最近在全球南方和北方的民粹主义选举暴露了在相互联系的全球化社会中的世界主义“世界公民”理想与通过复兴的民族主义和特殊主义出现的反动力量之间的紧张关系。因此，该奖学金将探索全球南北“世界城市”及其“世界公民”的地理想象，及其与阶级和种族的关系，以及英国脱欧和巴西博尔索纳罗当选等民粹主义事件对其的破坏。英国脱欧之所以重要，是因为它对移民和移民主体性的影响，尤其是因为我之前的研究表明，移民的归属感往往与被想象为“世界城市”的伦敦联系在一起（Robins 2019）。此外，英国政府最近宣布，在新的积分制度下，“低技能”工人将被拒绝签证（英国内政部，2020年）。我的论文表明，巴西移民通常受过大学教育，尽管许多人从低技能工作开始，但他们很快就能在巴西获得与以前同等的职业。新的移民制度有忽视这些“隐形”技术工人的危险（Salvatori & Terron-Caro, 2020； Ünlütürk-Ulutas & Akbas, 2020）。英国脱欧可能会如何扰乱移民的经历，以及就移民未来需求探索进行谈判的可行性。同样，在我进行实地调查时，博尔索纳罗当选总统的前景动摇了许多人对<s:1>圣保罗作为一个国际化世界城市的想象。现在，他已经上台，是时候探讨一下他的当选对归属感的影响了。我之前收集了关于英国脱欧和博尔索纳罗当选的采访数据。根据奖学金的条款，与我的一些参与者进行一个小型的后续研究将是富有成效的，允许进行额外的实地考察。总之，我们必须探索社会阶级、世界公民身份、移民、不流动和民粹主义之间的关系，以及这些概念如何与来自不同社会和种族背景的人们对社会凝聚力和归属感的需求相一致。我的研究旨在理解社会和政治两极分化的问题，以及建立对那些受最近变化的需求和经验的影响，英国作为一个欧盟成员国和巴西作为一个左倾民主国家的身份。因此，虽然该奖学金的产出将从移民研究的角度出发，但它也将对政治和文化地理学作出重大贡献。

The fellowship will explore theories, ideas and experiences of immobility, belonging and citizenship in a globalised world. This will counter the focus in migration studies on mobility which overlooks how most people choose to stay despite possessing the means to migrate. Motivations and experiences of 'stayers' are just as rich, complex and worthy of research as those who migrate.Although there is literature at a local and regional scale, the concept of immobility, out of 'loyalty' to larger imagined social organisms such as country and 'people' is under-researched (Schewel, 2019). How citizens imagine immobility and how it affects their (non)migration decision making at an international level has implications for policy makers with an interest in population retention and developing citizenship. The contested nature of 'loyalty' to differing ideals also exposes the tension in the increasing political polarisation witnessed recently in Global North and South politics. Focusing on Brazil, this country is experiencing increasing emigration, particularly of its middle-class. This, combined with a below replacement fertility rate, means that understanding the motivations of those both wanting to stay and leave is imperative especially since my research suggested that these middle-class emigrants rarely send back remittances. Motivations for people to emigrate, immigrate or stay put in the UK context are also vital to understand for UK policy makers (Baldwin-Edwards et al. 2019).Recent populist voting in the Global South and North has exposed the tension between ideals of cosmopolitan 'world citizenship' in an interconnected globalised society and reactionary forces emerging via renewed nationalism and particularism. The fellowship will thus explore the geographical imaginary of the 'world city' and its 'world citizens' in both the Global North and South and its relationship to class and race as well as its disruption by populist events such as Brexit and Bolsonaro's election in Brazil. Brexit is important due to its impact on migration and migrant subjectivity, not least since my previous research showed migrants' sense of belonging often tied to London imagined as a 'world city' (Robins 2019). Further, the UK government recently announced that 'low-skilled' workers will be denied visas within a new points system (Home Office, 2020). My thesis showed that Brazilian migrants are often university educated and, despite many starting in low skilled jobs, rapidly achieve parity with previous careers in Brazil. The new migration system is in danger of overlooking such 'invisible' skilled workers (Salvatori & Terron-Caro, 2020; Ünlütürk-Ulutas & Akbas, 2020). Questions of how Brexit may disrupt migrant experiences as well as the practicalities of negotiating migrants' futures demand exploration.Similarly, at the time of my fieldwork, the prospect of Bolsonaro as President unsettled many people's imagining of São Paulo as a cosmopolitan world city. Now he is in office, it is timely to explore the effects of his election on belonging. I previously collected interview data on Brexit and Bolsonaro's election. Conducting a small follow up study with some of my participants will be fruitful permitted additional fieldwork under the fellowship's terms.To conclude, we must explore the relation between social class, world citizenship, migration, immobility and populism and how these concepts square with people from diverse social and ethnic background's need for a sense of social cohesion and belonging. My research seeks to understand issues of societal and political polarisation as well as establishing a concern for the needs and experiences of those affected by recent changes to the UK's identity as an EU member and Brazil's as a left leaning democracy. Therefore, although the output of the fellowship will be from the perspective of migration studies it will also make substantial contributions to political and cultural geography.