FEC Recovery for Co-Chief Scientist duties of Dr Lisa McNeill for IODP Expedition 319

俯冲带是两个构造板块交汇的地方，它产生了地球上最大规模的地震，也通常产生伴随的海啸波。这些自然灾害可能会影响到震源当地的地区和遥远的社区。2004年印度洋海啸和地震为这些灾害的潜在影响提供了最近的一个引人注目的例子。在过去的几十年里，随着记录地震波技术的改进，我们对地震过程的理解有了很大的进步。但是，在产生这些地震的断层带内直接采样和测量的机会很少，需要复杂的技术。日本的南海俯冲带有很长的地震和海啸记录，在过去的20年里一直是地质和地球物理研究的焦点。因此，它可能是世界上最好理解的俯冲系统。然而，直接对发震断层系统进行采样和监测的挑战尚未实现，对地震引发和破裂的过程仍然了解相对较少。NanTroSEIZE实验是在综合大洋钻探计划内启动的，专门用于对俯冲带断层系统的所有部分进行采样、测量和监测，包括发生地震破裂的系统较深部分（海底以下约6-7公里）。这个实验是一个长期的项目，需要几年的时间。该项目首先钻探俯冲带和断层系统相对较浅的部分（<1.5公里）。这一阶段直接对沉积物和岩石材料进行取样，并对沉积物的性质进行现场测量，包括浅断层带。IODP第319次勘探（与本建议书相关的勘探）是第二阶段的第一次勘探，也是第一次采用“立管”钻井技术--该技术将用于深钻孔，以便更好地控制深度钻孔的条件和稳定性。在319号考察期间，将在俯冲带系统不同部分的两个地点使用各种方法测量沉积物、岩石和断层性质：钻孔沉积物和岩石样品;现场测量性能，如沉积物中流体的压力和岩石-沉积物在两个构造板块会聚时所承受的应变的大小;利用第二艘船只向钻孔仪器发送地震信号，测量钻孔周围和钻孔下方的岩石特性，包括产生地震的主要断层;在其中一个钻孔内安装灵敏仪器，测量断层带内若干年的温度和压力变化;准备钻孔，以便今后安装更复杂的监测仪器，包括记录地震的地震仪、测量岩石和沉积物如何变形的应变仪和倾斜仪，以及显示流体是否和何时沿着断层系统流动的压力和温度;这些测量将有助于理解地震生成断层系统如何发展和行为以及它们如何生成地震的总体目标。

Subduction zones, where two tectonic plates converge, generate the largest magnitude earthquakes on earth and also commonly generate accompanying tsunami waves. These natural hazards can impact both regions local to the earthquake source and distant communities. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and earthquake provided a recent dramatic example of the potential impact of these hazards. Our understanding of the earthquake process has significantly advanced in the last few decades with improvements in the technology for recording earthquake waves. But opportunities to directly sample and take measurements within the fault zones which generate these earthquakes are rare and require complex technology. The Nankai subduction zone of Japan has a long record of past earthquakes and tsunami and has been the focus of geological and geophysical studies over the last 2 decades. As a result, it is probably the best understood subduction system in the world. However, the challenge of directly sampling and monitoring the earthquake-generating fault system is yet to be achieved and the process of earthquake initiation and rupture is still relatively poorly understood. The NanTroSEIZE experiment has been launched within the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) specifically to sample, measure and monitor all parts of the subduction zone fault system, including the deeper parts (~ 6-7 km below the seafloor) of the system where the earthquake rupture takes place. The experiment is a long term project staged over a period of years. The project started with drilling into the relatively shallow (<1.5 km) parts of the subduction zone and fault systems. This stage directly sampled sediment and rock materials and took in situ measurements of the properties of the sediments including the shallow fault zones. IODP Expedition 319, the expedition which this proposal relates to, is the first expedition of Stage 2 and is the first to employ 'riser' drilling technology - this technology will be used for the deep drill holes by allowing greater control on conditions and stability of the borehole at depth. A variety of methods will be used to measure sediment, rock and fault properties during Expedition 319 at two sites within different parts of the subduction zone system: Samples of borehole sediments and rocks; Measurements of sediment-rock properties from tools in the borehole; In situ measurements of properties, such as pressure of fluids within the sediments and the magnitude of the strain that the rocks-sediments are under as the two tectonic plates converge; Measurements of rock properties around and below the borehole, including the main fault generating the earthquakes, by using a second ship to send seismic signals to borehole instruments; Installation of sensitive instruments within one of the boreholes to measure temperature and pressure changes within a fault zone over several years; Preparation of the boreholes for future installation of more complicated monitoring instruments, including seismometers which will record earthquakes, strain and tiltmeters which will measure how the rocks and sediments deform, and pressure and temperature to indicate if and when fluids are moving along the fault systems; These measurements will contribute to the overall NanTroSEIZE goals of understanding how earthquake-generating fault systems develop and behave and how they generate earthquakes.