Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa: Interactions of livestock/wildlife, poverty and environmental change

在非洲的许多环境中，通过牲畜或野生动物传播的疾病对人们的生命和生计造成重大损失。东非旱地稀树草原地区通过牛传播的裂谷热等疾病；南部非洲林地通过采采蝇传播的锥虫病；由西非森林中的老鼠传播的拉沙热或由蝙蝠传播的亨德拉病毒和尼帕病毒引起的脑炎，往往给已经贫穷并遭受多种其他健康问题的人带来疾病、死亡或进一步贫困。虽然环境变化影响这类人畜共患疾病的分布和传播，但对于环境变化、人畜共患疾病和贫困的恶性循环是如何、为什么、在哪里以及为谁而出现的，以及危险的阈值和临界点，人们几乎没有系统的了解。这项伙伴关系和项目发展赠款将建立一个非洲-欧洲疾病动态驱动因素联盟（DDDAC），旨在对非洲环境中的疾病动态驱动因素及其与一系列生态系统服务和贫困与福祉维度的相互关系产生新的、系统的理解。该联盟将开发和应用一个综合环境、生物、社会、政治以及人类和动物健康科学观点的整体系统框架。通过绘图和详细的实地研究相结合，我们将建立一个“地区和风险人群”的多层分析，将不同女性和男性、青年和老年人以及不同职业的人的本地经历与区域和国家模式联系起来。在这个过程中，我们将开发和应用系统分析、制图和参与式生态流行病学的新方法，并发展一系列研究人员和用户跨学科、跨问题和跨非洲环境开展工作的能力。通过这种办法，我们将确定、促进和宣传干预点和政策办法，以减轻不利的环境疾病动态，并帮助生活在非洲农村地区的人们建立复原力和适应能力。这样，该联盟将提供一个急需的证据基础和一套切实可行的办法，以实施“同一个世界，同一个健康”议程，同时促进可持续减贫。

In many environments in Africa, diseases that are transmitted through livestock or wildlife take a major toll on people's lives and livelihoods. Diseases such as Rift Valley Fever transmitted via cattle in dryland savanna areas of East Africa; trypanosomiasis transmitted via the tsetse fly in woodland areas of southern Africa; Lassa fever transmitted by rats in West Africa's forests or Hendra and Nipah viruses transmitted by bats and causing encephalitis, often bring illness, death or further impoverishment to people who are already poor and suffering from a multiplicity of other health problems. While environmental change affects the distribution and transmission of such zoonotic diseases, there is little systematic understanding of how, why, where and for whom downward spirals of environmental change, zoonotic disease and poverty emerge, and the thresholds and tipping points at stake. This Partnership and Project Development Grant will build an African-European Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium - the DDDAC - positioned to generate new, systematic understandings of the dynamic drivers of disease in African settings, and their interrelationships with a range of ecosystem services and dimensions of poverty and wellbeing. The Consortium will develop and apply a holistic systems framework that integrates perspectives from environmental, biological, social, political and human and animal health sciences. Through a combination of mapping and detailed field studies, we will build a multi-layered analysis of 'regions and people at risk', relating the localised experiences of different women and men, youth and elders, and people of different occupations to regional and national patterns. In the process, we will develop and apply new methodologies for systems analysis, mapping, and participatory eco-epidemiology, and develop the capacity of a range of researchers and users to work across disciplines, issues and African settings. Through this approach, we will identify, promote and communicate intervention points and policy approaches to mitigate negative environment-disease dynamics and help build resilience and adaptive capacity amongst people living in rural African settings. In this way, the Consortium will provide a much-needed evidence base and set of practical approaches to operationalise the 'One World, One Health' agenda, in ways that also promote sustainable poverty reduction.