A United Kingdom Lake Ecological Observatory Network

湖泊系统在储存和提供淡水和食物、支持娱乐和保护物种多样性方面发挥着基本作用。然而，这些生态系统服务的稳定性可能会因为社会对这些系统的需求增加，以及由于社会中介的气候变化而引起的大气成分和湖泊水平衡的变化而受到破坏。为了防止这种功能丧失，已经制定了具有法律约束力的国家和欧洲指令，为水质和生物多样性设定了严格的目标。要实现这些目标，需要对湖泊过程有详细的了解，而这又需要在适当的时间尺度上进行测量。传统的监测，最多每周至每两周一次，足以记录季节变化，但不能解决驱动湖泊功能许多方面的过程。为了解决这些过程，我们需要“听到湖泊功能的完整交响乐中的每一个音符”，只有通过半连续地测量作为湖泊功能的关键反射参数的参数，这种分辨率才是可行的。幸运的是，我们部署在英国11个不同大小、海拔、纬度和营养状况的湖泊中，都是自动进行此类测量的基本系统，即自动水质监测站(AWQMS)。然而，目前大多数浮标仅限于气象站和温度测量。一些人有其他探测器来测量水质，但这些探测器受到生物污染的影响，这可能会危及数据。目前，这些数据主要是通过一系列程序通过遥测下载到主站。因此，我们没有利用数据记录器、计算机和传感器技术的进步来以高频自动测量并‘听到完整的交响乐’。我们建议通过安装稳定的、最先进的传感器技术来改变这一点，并安装机械设备以最大限度地减少生物污垢。此外，我们将通过将传感器网络中的湖泊连接在一起，将质量控制的数据传输到互联网上，供项目合作伙伴、更广泛的科学界和普通公众分析，从而最大限度地发挥生成这些高频数据的价值。这样的基础设施投资需要反映出对科学驱动的议程进行高质量衡量的需要。我们将通过以下项目展示这样一个网络支持这些议程：DST1：湖泊行为的实时预测：我们将把传感器网络提供的实时数据纳入湖泊浮游植物行为预测系统，特别是为浮游植物水华的发生提供预警。DST2：气象对湖泊中碳的去向的影响：我们将跟踪从每日到季节的时间尺度上溶解二氧化碳的池和通量的变化。通过将这些测量与站点内和站点之间的气象和湖内物理化学测量相关联，我们可以更好地确定对湖泊碳循环的关键控制。DST3：次季节时间尺度上的区域连贯性水平：湖泊可以表现出区域连贯性的反应，例如，空气和表层水温之间存在很强的联系；大尺度天气模式，如墨西哥湾流北墙的位置，也被证明直接影响湖泊的区域连贯性。利用高分辨率数据检查湖泊温度的连贯性才刚刚开始，但到目前为止还没有人在这些短时间尺度上调查生物、化学或更广泛的物理变量的连贯性，这是一种通过这个网络可行的方法。总而言之，通过高分辨率数据生成和新仪器提供观测细节的AWQMS传感器网络将不仅展示远程和详细观测环境的价值，而且还将从集成系统中获益，从而在环境科学方面提供真正的进步。

Lake systems play a fundamental role in storing and providing freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. However, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society makes upon these systems and changes in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated changing climate. To safeguard against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and European directives that set stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. Meeting these targets requires a detailed understanding of lake processes that in turn requires measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. Traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of lake function. To resolve these processes we need to 'hear every note in the full symphony of lake functioning', with such resolution only viable through semi-continuous measurement of parameters that are key reflectors of lake functioning. We are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the UK, of different size, altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements, Automatic Water Quality Monitoring Stations (AWQMS). However at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. A few have other probes to measure water quality, but these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. At present, the data are mainly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. Thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- and sensor-technology to measure automatically at high frequency and 'hear the full symphony'. We propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minimise biofouling. Further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency data by linking together the lakes in a sensor network to deliver quality-controlled data onto the internet for analysis by project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. Such infrastructure investment needs to reflect the need for high quality measurement from science-driven agendas. We will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas through the following projects: DST1: Real-time forecasting of lake behaviour: We will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a forecast system for lake phytoplankton behaviour and, in particular, to provide warning for the onset of phytoplankton blooms. DST2: The effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: We will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. By relating these measurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between sites we are better equipped to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. DST3: The level of regional coherence in sub-seasonal timescales: Lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong links exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wall of the Gulf Stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence of lakes. Use of high resolution data to examine coherence in lake temperatures has just begun but as yet no-one has investigated coherence of biological, chemical or wider physical variables on these short time-scales, an approach which is viable through this network. In summary, this sensor network of AWQMSs, offering detail of observation through high resolution data generation and the new instrumentation will demonstrate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit from integration systems to offer real advances in environmental science.