Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE)

为了最大限度地减少与大气温室气体（GHG）浓度增加相关的危险气候变化的风险，作为正在进行的国际努力的一部分，2008年气候变化法案要求英国到2050年将其温室气体排放量与1990年水平相比减少至少80%。为了支持这类立法，必须制定方法，减少现有国家温室气体排放估计数的不确定性，并监测减排战略的效力。2010年，二氧化碳占英国温室气体排放总量的85%左右，其余主要来自甲烷（CH4）和一氧化二氮（N2O）。2010年，英国CO2的主要来源是能源供应、公路运输、商业和住宅; CH4的主要来源是农业和垃圾填埋场，少量来源于气体泄漏和煤矿; N2O的主要来源是农业、工业过程和公路运输。温室气体英国和全球排放量（GAUGE）的主要重点是量化英国不同部门的CO2，CH4和N2O预算，并改善全球温室气体预算。英国的研究将侧重于化石燃料和农业，这是三种温室气体的两个最大来源。我们将通过将大气测量与大气的计算机模型相结合来实现这一目标，该模型描述了温室气体排放后的运动。我们已经对温室气体排放的位置有了合理的了解，但排放量的大小通常会有很大的相关误差。取决于排放类型，它也可能具有实质性的季节性周期（例如，农业）。因此，我们在一年中的不同时间和不同地点进行定期温室气体测量非常重要。英国研究飞机将提供英国温室气体预算流入和流出的大规模三维视角，补充现有高塔的信息。高塔网络在地表以上100 - 200米处测量温室气体，以确保采样的空气代表更大的区域，并且塔的位置是为了提供对分权政府温室气体排放的估计。作为GAUGE的一部分，我们将在苏格兰边境增加一个塔，提供有关英格兰北部、苏格兰和北海的更多信息;在英格兰东南部、伦敦的顺风处增加一个塔;我们将支持伦敦中心BT塔上的现有仪器。东南伦敦塔和英国电信塔一起将使我们能够提供第一个来自特大城市的城市排放的多年记录。我们将使用温室气体同位素来提高对化石燃料来源的理解。将在东安格利亚进行农业温室气体排放的详细研究，使我们能够量化该部门在英国温室气体预算中的重要性。每周测量登上北海渡轮将提供英国温室气体通量的限制，定期抽样断面英国流出。温室气体的卫星观测提供了一个独特的全球视角，将英国的排放量与世界其他地区联系起来，我们将与美国宇航局合作开发和应用新的观测结果，以量化英国以下空间尺度上的全球温室气体预算。在这个长期的测量策略中，我们将进行密集的测量，以量化伦敦的温室气体排放，我们将使用英国的研究飞机对上风向/下风向的空气进行采样，验证专用的卫星观测，并将城市测量与下风向的原位测量和高塔测量相联系。在GAUGE，我们汇集了大气的计算机模型，以及世界领先的建模团队，以便将观测到的温室气体变化与基本排放量估计数联系起来。将使用统计方法找出与测量最吻合的排放量，同时考虑到模型和数据的不确定性。GAUGE的主要成果将是对英国和全世界温室气体排放量的稳健估计。

To minimize the risk of dangerous climate change associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG), as part of ongoing international efforts, the 2008 Climate Change Act requires that the UK reduces its GHG emissions by at least 80% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels. To support such legislation, methods must be developed to reduce uncertainty on existing national GHG emissions estimates and monitor the efficacy of emissions reduction strategies. In 2010, CO2 represented about 85% of total UK GHG emissions, with the remainder largely from methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). In 2010, the main UK sources of CO2 were energy supply, road transport, business, and residential; the main sources of CH4 were agriculture and landfill with small sources from gas leakage and coal mines; and the main sources of N2O were agriculture, industrial process, and road transport. There are substantial associated uncertainties with sectoral estimates of these emissions, particularly for N2O.The main focus of Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) is to quantify UK budgets of CO2, CH4, and N2O from different sectors, and to improve global GHG budgets. The UK study will focus on fossil fuels and agriculture, the two largest sources of the three GHGs. We will achieve this by combining atmospheric measurements with computer models of the atmosphere, which describe the movement of GHGs after emission. We already have a reasonable idea of where GHGs are emitted but the size of the emissions typically has a large associated error. Depending on the emission type it may also have a substantial seasonal cycle (e.g., agriculture). It is therefore important we make regular GHG measurements at different times of the year and in different places. The UK research aircraft will provide the broad-scale 3-D perspective on the inflow and outflow of UK GHG budgets, complementing information from existing tall towers. The network of tall towers measure GHGs at 100-200m above the surface to ensure that the sampled air is representative of larger areas, and the towers are intentionally sited to provide estimates of GHG emissions in the Devolved Administrations. As part of GAUGE we will add to this network with a tower in the Scottish borders that provides substantially more information about the north of England, Scotland, and the North Sea; a tower over SE England, downwind of London; and we will support existing instruments on the BT tower in central London. The SE London tower and the BT tower together will allow us to provide the first multi-year record of urban emissions from a megacity. We will use GHG isotopes to improve understanding of the fossil fuel sources. A detailed study of agricultural GHG emissions will be conducted over East Anglia, allowing us to quantify the importance of this sector in the UK GHG budget. Weekly measurements aboard a North Sea ferry will provide constraints on UK GHG fluxes by regularly sampling transects of UK outflow. Satellite observations of GHGs offer a unique global perspective, linking UK emissions to the rest of the world, and we will work with NASA to develop and apply new observations to quantify global GHG budgets on a sub-UK spatial scale. Embedded in this long-term measurement strategy will be a measurement intensive to quantify London GHG emissions, where we will use the UK research aircraft to sample profiles of upwind/downwind air, validate dedicated satellite observations, and link urban measurements with downwind in situ and tall tower measurements.In GAUGE we bring together computer models of the atmosphere, and a team of world-leading modellers, in order to relate observed variations of GHGs to estimates of the underlying emissions. Statistical approaches will be used to find emissions that best agree with the measurements, taking account of model and data uncertainties. The main outcome from GAUGE will be robust GHG emission estimates from the UK and from the world.