Sources and Emissions of Air Pollutants in Beijing (AIRPOLL-Beijing)

北京空气污染物浓度非常高，导致超过2000万人的健康和福祉受到影响。可能对人类健康影响最大的污染物是颗粒物、二氧化氮和臭氧。颗粒物和二氧化氮都是直接从各个来源排放的（主要贡献，其中许多没有很好地量化）;并在大气中形成（次要贡献，这是非常复杂的）。臭氧在性质上完全是次级的，由前体气体反应形成，其来源和丰度也难以限制。这些不确定性阻碍了对北京空气污染原因的理解，而这是制定有效和高效的减少污染和改善健康战略所必需的。AIRPOLL-北京项目将通过识别和量化北京空气污染物的来源和排放来应对这一挑战。该项目位于NERC/MRC-NSFC中国大城市计划内，该计划包括解决影响空气污染物的大气过程，人类暴露和健康影响的项目，以及减少空气污染和健康影响的解决方案/缓解策略。该项目利用了英国和中国领先科学家的经验和专业知识，采用多种互补方法。该项目部署了多种大气测量和分析战略，以确定污染物丰度和来源，制定新的排放清单，并将其整合，以产生新的建模工具，用于政策制定。我们采用一系列最先进的方法：-受体建模，其中详细的成分测量用于从化学特征中推断污染物来源，结合世界领先的英国和中国的能力。通量测量，测量所有来源的污染物总释放量，为完善排放清单提供关键指标。我们将结合联合收割机近地面测量（使用北京市中心独特的大气物理研究所325米高的塔），地面观测和来自卫星观测的通量。三维空间分析，其中一个新的传感器网络将部署在北京市中心周围，以测量污染物场。开发新的排放清单，预测所有来源的空气污染物的时间和空间分辨率排放，增强现有能力。开发新的在线建模工具，将排放、大气处理和气象学结合起来，预测一次和二次污染物浓度场。AIRPOLL-Beijing将整合这些方法，以前所未有的细节和准确度全面了解北京空气污染物的来源和排放。虽然该项目是一项自成一体的活动，但关键的可交付成果纳入了该方案的进程、健康和解决方案主题，该提案寻求牛顿基金的支持，这是联合王国官方发展援助承诺的一部分。该项目将直接针对以下类别的官方发展援助目标：（通过联合开发新的科学方法来了解特大城市的空气污染），㈡方案（因为该项目的所有方面都是中英联合研究工作）和（iii）翻译（通过提供详细的空气污染源评估，以支持健康影响评估和缓解战略的制定）。更广泛地说，该项目将为中国团队提高对空气污染的理解和研究能力留下遗产，并通过与大城市计划的其他主题相结合，支持改善北京乃至全中国人民的健康和福利，最终使超过10亿人受益。

Beijing suffers from very high concentrations of airborne pollutants, leading to adverse health and wellbeing for over twenty million people. The pollutants likely to have the greatest effects upon human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Both particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide are emitted directly from individual sources (primary contributions, many of which are not well quantified); and are formed in the atmosphere (secondary contributions, which are highly complex). Ozone is entirely secondary in nature, formed from reactions of precursor gases, whose sources and abundance are also challenging to constrain. These uncertainties hinder understanding of the causes of air pollution in Beijing, which is needed to deliver effective and efficient strategies for pollution reduction and health improvement. AIRPOLL-Beijing project will address this challenge, through identification and quantification of the sources and emissions of air pollutants in Beijing. The project sits within the NERC/MRC-NSFC China megacity programme, which includes projects addressing the atmospheric processes affecting air pollutants, human exposure and health effects, and solutions / mitigation strategies to reduce air pollution and health impacts. The project exploits the combined experience and expertise of leading UK and Chinese scientists, applying multiple complementary approaches. The project deploys multiple atmospheric measurement and analysis strategies to characterise pollutant abundance and sources, develop novel emissions inventories, and integrate these to produce new modelling tools for use in policy development. We adopt a range of state-of-the-science approaches:-Receptor Modelling, where detailed composition measurements are used to infer pollutant sources from their chemical signatures, combining world-leading UK and Chinese capability.-Flux Measurements, where the total release of pollutants from all sources is measured, providing a key metric to refine emission inventories. We will combine near-ground measurements (using the unique Institute of Atmospheric Physics 325m tower in central Beijing), ground-based observations and fluxes derived from satellite observations.-3D spatial analysis, in which a novel sensor network will be deployed around central Beijing to measure pollutant fields.-Development of novel emissions inventories, which will predict the temporally- and spatially- resolved emissions of air pollutants from all sources, enhancing existing capability.-Development of new online modelling tools, within which to integrate emissions, atmospheric processing and meteorology to predict primary and secondary pollutant concentration fields.AIRPOLL-Beijing will integrate these approaches to provide thorough understanding of the sources and emissions of air pollutants in Beijing, at unprecedented detail and accuracy. While the project is a self-contained activity, key deliverables feed into Processes, Health and Solutions themes of the programme.This proposal seeks Newton fund support, part of the UK's Official Development Assistance (ODA) commitment. The project will directly address ODA objectives, in the categories of (i) people (through the joint development of novel scientific approaches to the understanding of megacity air pollution), (ii) programmes (as all aspects of the project are joint UK-Chinese research endeavours) and (iii) translation (through provision of detailed air pollution source assessments, in support of assessment of health impacts and development of mitigation strategies). More generally, the project will leave a legacy of improved air pollution understanding and research capacity of the Chinese teams, and, through integration with other themes of the Megacities programme, underpin improvements in the health and welfare of the population of Beijing, and across China more widely - ultimately benefitting more than a billion people.