River basins as 'living laboratories' for achieving sustainable development goals across national and sub-national scales

虽然世界各国都在努力实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDG），但为实现17个目标和169个具体目标而采取的政策和行动可能会导致地方层面的不公平发展。虽然这种可能性已得到承认，但目前还没有得到充分调查。该项目通过分析目标和具体目标之间的跨尺度协同作用和权衡来解决这一差距，同时考虑与可持续发展目标相关的国家层面政策如何影响国家以下一级的发展，这里以一个大型河流流域为代表。更广泛地说，该项目旨在制定一种可在全球其他河流流域推广的方法，并提供政策建议，以消除或减轻权衡，从而帮助实现各河流流域的公平发展。这是一个相关的地理分析人类与环境的相互作用，在次国家规模，因为它提供了自然边界，在上游-可以精确地分析下游过程。全球大多数河流流域都得到了高度管理，以便为当地和更远地区的人口提供各种服务，包括在国家一级（例如粮食、水和能源安全）。因此，有可能颁布一些政策，例如，在河流流域的特定地点（如三角洲）促进粮食生产，以牺牲当地环境（如过度使用农业投入）为代价实现国家粮食安全目标。上游开发，如水坝，有助于实现国家级能源安全目标，但也可能从环境（如减少泥沙流量）或自然灾害（如在结构失效的情况下增加洪水风险）的角度对下游地区产生负面影响。我们将重点关注中国的滦河流域，该流域是中国七大流域之一的海河的子流域。这个流域的相关性在于它的范围，以及在其边界内正在发生的迅速发展，包括在滦河上建造潘家口和大黑汀水库，这些水库供应天津和其他城市的特大城市。该地区水的供需严重失衡，目前正在采取许多举措解决这一问题，以便对这些活动产生的协同作用和利弊进行详细分析。滦河流域部分地区的农村改造也适用于其他国家，其下游地区的城市化也是如此，这将使研究具有国际意义。经济快速发展、人民生活水平提高和环境退化/保护问题之间的权衡，是中国发展的总体特点，也存在于该流域。该流域数据丰富，其发展与国家层面政策的执行直接相关，各种非学术利益相关者，代表从国家到社区层面的行为者，已经同意与我们共同开展研究。（与多个目标相关）、气候变化（SDG 13）、水资源（SDG 6）、能源（SDG 7）、生态健康（SDG 15）和城市化（SDG 11）。我们将重点关注基础设施发展、水、减少灾害风险、能源安全和城市化方面的政策激励和干预措施。为实现这一目标，我们将与广泛的利益相关者共同制定流域开发和土地利用变化情景。这些情景将作为基础，以捕捉流域内水文、沉积物输运、水质和生态系统服务的变化。这些评估的结果随后将用于修改后的可持续发展目标关联工具，该工具已在中国国家范围内进行了测试。

While countries around the world are striving to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), policies and actions put in place to achieve the 17 goals and 169 targets may lead to inequitable development at the sub-national scale. Although this possibility is recognized, it is currently under-investigated. This project addresses this gap by analysing cross-scale synergies and trade-offs between goals and targets, while also considering how national level policies related to the SDGs impact development at the sub-national scale, represented here by a large river basin. More generally, the project aims to develop an approach that is replicable in other river basins globally and to provide policy recommendations to remove or mitigate the trade-offs so helping to achieve equitable development across river basins.The analysis will be carried out at the scale of a large river basin, which is a relevant geography to analyse human-environment interactions at the sub-national scale because it provides natural boundaries where upstream-downstream processes can be analysed precisely. Most river basins globally are highly managed to provide various services to populations both locally and further afield, including at the national level (e.g. for food, water and energy security). It is therefore possible for policies to be enacted that, for example, favour food production in a specific location of a river basin (e.g. a delta) to achieve national food security goals at the expense of the environment locally (e.g. through excessive use of agricultural inputs). Upstream development, such as dams can help deliver national-level energy security targets but can negatively impact downstream locations from environmental (e.g. reduction of sediment flows) or natural hazard perspectives (e.g. increasing risk of flooding in case of structural failure).We will focus on the Luanhe river basin in China, a sub-basin of the Haihe, one of the seven largest basins in China. This basin is relevant because of its extent, and because of the rapid development that is taking place within its boundaries, including construction of the Panjiakou and Daheiting reservoirs on the Luanhe River which supply the mega-city of Tianjin and other cities. It suffers from a severe imbalance between water supply and demand and many initiatives are underway to address this, allowing for a detailed analysis of synergies and trade-offs generated by these activities. Rural transformation in parts of the Luanhe is applicable in other countries as is urbanisation in its lower reaches, which will allow for the research to be of relevance internationally. The trade-offs between rapid economic development, increases in people's living standards and environmental degradation/protection issues, which are characteristics of China's development in general, are also present in the basin. The basin is data rich, its development is directly linked to enforcement of national level policies, and various non-academic stakeholders, representing actors from the national to the community levels, have already agreed to co-develop the research with us.Initially, we will investigate interlinkages between environmental hazards (relevant for various Goals), climate change (SDG13), water resources (SDG6), energy (SDG7), ecological health (with a focus on SDG15), and urbanization (SDG11). We will focus on policy incentives and interventions in terms of infrastructure development, water, disaster risk reduction, energy security and urbanization. To achieve this, we will co-develop basin development and land use change scenarios with a wide range of stakeholders. These scenarios will serve as a basis to capture changes in hydrology, sediment transport, water quality, and ecosystem services within the basin. The outputs from these assessments will subsequently be used in a modified version of the SDG Interlinkages Tool which has already been tested for China at the national scale.