NSFGEO-NERC: Collaborative Research: Multi-scale investigation of rheology and emplacement of multi-phase lava

当火山喷发产生的熔岩流威胁到一个社区时，就像最近在夏威夷2018年基拉韦厄火山喷发期间发生的那样，最紧迫的两个问题往往是：“熔岩将流向哪里？”以及“它将多久到达那里？”这个项目试图通过建立熔岩流变学的定量描述以及它在流动侵位过程中如何演化来帮助回答这些问题。简而言之，熔岩流变学决定了熔岩流动的速度和形式。熔岩流使社区流离失所，摧毁房屋和基础设施，在某些情况下还会对生命构成严重威胁。熔岩流侵位的准确预测对于减灾和管理是至关重要的。要做到这一点，我们必须解决两个关键问题：1)熔岩流变学在侵位过程中如何演化；2)流变学如何控制侵位。该项目的中心目标是对熔岩流变学和侵位作用之间的复杂反馈进行量化描述。2018年在基拉韦厄东部裂谷带(KLERZ)的喷发为以前所未有的细节研究熔岩侵位提供了机会。在喷发期间，一个无人使用的航空系统(UAS)捕捉到了一个全面的时间序列，拍摄到了通道化熔岩(“裂缝8”，或F8流)的头顶视频。这项视频拍摄活动的目的是通过在特定地点上空悬停并多次重访同一地点来收集数据，以进行“远程流变仪”。至关重要的是，在喷发期间和喷发后立即从相同的地点收集了一套配套的样本。我们的计划通过整合处理一系列规模的任务来利用关联数据集的价值：KLERZ熔岩的分析和流变学；熔岩模拟的流体动力学实验；数值模拟。总而言之，这些研究将产生一个理解熔岩流沉积的量化框架。这个项目涉及到与美国和英国科学家的新的国际合作，我们打算在这个项目结束后继续下去。大学科学家和美国地质调查局之间的机构间合作将促进和加速将新的学术知识应用于现实世界的挑战。

When a volcanic eruption produces lava flows that threaten a community, as happened recently during the 2018 Kilauea Volcano eruption in Hawai'i, the two most pressing questions are often:"where will the lava go?",and "how soon will it get there?". This project seeks to help answer these questions by building a quantitative description of the rheology of lava and how it evolves during flow emplacement. Simply put, lava rheology determines how quickly the lava will flow and what form the flow will take.Lava flows displace communities, destroy homes and infrastructure, and in some cases present a serious hazard to life. Accurate forecasting of lava flow emplacement is essential to hazard mitigation and management. To achieve this, we must resolve two key issues: 1) how lava rheology evolves during emplacement; 2) how rheology controls emplacement. The central goal of this project is to produce a quantitative description of the complex feedback between lava rheology and emplacement. The 2018 eruption at the lower east rift zone of Kilauea (KLERZ) provides an opportunity to investigate lava emplacement in unprecedented detail. During the eruption, an Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) captured a comprehensive time-series of overhead videos of channelized lava (the "Fissure 8", or F8 flow). The videography campaign was purposefully designed to collect data for 'remote rheometry' by hovering above specific sites and revisiting the same sites on multiple occasions. Crucially, a companion suite of samples was collected from the same sites both during and immediately after the eruption. Our plan leverages the value of the linked data sets by integrating tasks addressing a range of scales: analysis and rheometry of KLERZ lavas; fluid dynamic experiments with lava analogs; numerical modelling. Combined, these studies will produce a quantitative framework for understanding lava flow emplacement.This project involves a new international collaboration with scientists in the USA and the UK, which we intend to continue after this project ends. The inter-agency collaboration between university scientists and the United States Geological Survey will facilitate and expedite the application of new academic knowledge to real-world challenges.