Design and Evaluation of Compact Nano-Enhanced Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage for domestic heating radiators

“EPSRC: Elisangela Jesus D'Oliveira: EP/S023836/1”-研究委员会表明该学生由工程和物理科学研究委员会（EPSRC）资助。-培训资助参考编号：EPSRC东北大学可再生能源博士培训中心（ReNU）， EP/ s023836 /1在英国，热量几乎占能源使用的一半，大约80%的家庭热量由天然气供应。因此，我们必须通过提高空间和热水供暖系统的效率和脱碳来减少供暖需求。采用低碳家庭供暖技术是英国能源系统脱碳的最大挑战之一，因为80%的家庭已经建成。改造家庭是减少碳排放最具成本效益的途径之一。LHTES的使用有可能通过储存多余的能源来减少空间供暖能源的使用，并弥合可再生能源的供需不匹配特征与电力高峰负荷之间的差距。家用或住宅散热器的效率可以使用紧凑型低热量散热器来提高，它可以作为一种改进措施来实施，以减少能源消耗。目前在家庭供暖领域的研究较多。Campos-Celador等人（2014）为家庭应用设计了一种使用水-石蜡的翅片板LHTES系统，与传统的热水储罐相比，体积减少了50%以上。Dechesne et al.（2014）研究了空气-脂肪酸换热器在建筑通风系统中的耦合；该模块既可以用于空间加热，也可以用于空间冷却。Bondareva等人（2018）对Al2O3纳米颗粒对石蜡增强的翅片铜散热器进行了数值研究，结果表明，翅片和纳米颗粒的加入提高了熔化速度。Sardari等人（2020）通过引入一种新型储能加热器，研究了金属泡沫和石蜡复合材料在家庭空间供暖中的应用；结果表明，凝固时间缩短了45%，热回收率提高了73%。由于高导电性纳米材料增加了PCM的传热速率，从而调整了应用的充放电速率，因此许多研究都在研究高导电性纳米材料对PCM导热性的增强。然而，目前还没有研究评估纳米增强PCMs （NEPCMs）在家用散热器上应用的可行性，通过热回收来提高效率和节能。因此，计划进行专门的调查，重点是加深对这种技术的认识和理解。缺乏适当的设计指南、成本和速率问题推迟了LHTES设备的部署。因此，本研究将构建并实验评估LHTES系统的性能，为设计指南的制定做出贡献。参考文献bondareva， N. S, Gibanov， N. S, and Sheremet， M. A.（2018, 11月）。翅片散热器内纳米增强型PCM的熔化。《物理杂志：会议系列》（Vol. 1105, No. 1, p. 012023）。IOP出版。Campos-Celador， A., Diarce， G., Zubiaga, j.t.v., Garcia-Romero, a.m., Lopez， L.和Sala， J. M. 2014。设计了一种适用于国内的鳍片潜热蓄热系统。能源学报，48,300-308。Dechesne， B., Gendebien， S., Martens， J., and Lemort， V.（2014）。设计并测试了一种用于建筑通风和储能的空气- pcm热交换器。Sardari, p.t., Babaei-Mahani， R., Giddings， D., Yasseri， S., Moghimi, m.a., & Bahai， H.（2020）。使用紧凑型复合金属泡沫/PCM潜热存储从家用散热器中回收能量。清洁生产学报，2004,26(2):444 - 444。

"EPSRC : Elisangela Jesus D'Oliveira : EP/S023836/1"- Research council that the student is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). - The student's name: Elisangela Jesus D'Oliveira- Training Grant Reference Number: EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Renewable Energy Northeast Universities (ReNU), EP/S023836/1Heat represents almost half of the use of energy in the UK, and around 80% of domestic heat is supplied by natural gas. Therefore, we must reduce the heating demand by increasing the efficiency and decarbonisation of the space and hot water heating systems. The adoption of low-carbon domestic heating technologies is one of the biggest challenges in the decarbonisation of the UK's energy system because 80% of the homes are already built. The retrofitting of households is one of the most cost-effective routes to reduce carbon emissions.The use of LHTES has the potential to reduce the space heating energy use by storing excess energy and bridge the gap between supply/demand mismatch characteristic of renewable energy sources or electricity peak-load. The efficiency of domestic or residential radiator could be increased using a compact LHTES, and it could be implemented as a retrofit measurement to reduce energy consumption. There are some studies of LHTES in domestic heating. Campos-Celador et al. (2014) designed a finned plate LHTES system for domestic applications using water-paraffin, allowing a volume reduction of more than 50%, comparing to a conventional hot water storage tank. Dechesne et al. (2014) studied the coupling of an air-fatty acids heat exchanger in a building ventilation system; the module could be used either for space heating or cooling. Bondareva et al. (2018) studied a finned copper radiator numerically with paraffin enhancing with Al2O3 nanoparticles, and their results demonstrated that the addition of fins and nanoparticles increases the melting rate. Sardari et al. (2020) investigated the application of combined metal foam and paraffin for domestic space heating by introducing a novel energy storage heater; their results showed that the solidification time was reduced by 45% and the heat recovery was enhanced by 73%. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the PCMs with the incorporation of high conductive nanomaterials, as they increase the heat transfer rate of the PCM to tailor the application charging and discharging rates. However, a study evaluating the feasibility of the nano-enhanced PCMs (NEPCMs) applications on domestic radiators to improve the efficiency and energy-savings through heat recovery has not been conducted. Therefore, a dedicated investigation was planned with the focus on deepening the knowledge and understanding of such a technology. The lack of proper design guidelines, cost and the rate problem have delayed the deployment of LHTES devices. Therefore, this study will build and experimentally evaluate the performance of the LHTES system proposed contributing to the development of the design guidelines. ReferencesBondareva, N. S., Gibanov, N. S., & Sheremet, M. A. (2018, November). Melting of nano-enhanced PCM inside finned radiator. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1105, No. 1, p. 012023). IOP Publishing.Campos-Celador, A., Diarce, G., Zubiaga, J. T. V., Garcia-Romero, A.M., Lopez, L. & Sala, J. M. 2014. Design of a finned plate latent heat thermal energy storage system for domestic for domestic applications. Energy Procedia, 48, 300-308.Dechesne, B., Gendebien, S., Martens, J., & Lemort, V. (2014). Designing and testing an air-PCM heat exchanger for building ventilation application coupled to energy storage.Sardari, P. T., Babaei-Mahani, R., Giddings, D., Yasseri, S., Moghimi, M. A., & Bahai, H. (2020). Energy recovery from domestic radiators using a compact composite metal Foam/PCM latent heat storage. Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120504.