PAMANA: Philippine Mining at the National to Catchment Scale - from Legacy Impacts to Sustainable Futures

随着世界朝着低碳排放的方向发展，对采矿的需求与以往一样巨大。当代的范式是“可持续采矿”，既有利可图，又保护环境、生态系统和人类。菲律宾是一个矿产丰富的国家，拥有丰富的遗产和巨大的未来采矿潜力。在菲律宾走向可持续采矿需要对污染物历史进行新颖和有效的基线和监测，了解污染物的归宿、迁移和影响，以及从遗留矿区补救和恢复资源以及促进生态系统和景观恢复的方法。在这个项目中，我们通过采用基于流域的方法来评估菲律宾的遗留影响和可持续采矿未来，以满足所有这些需求。我们这样做是因为所有的采矿都发生在矿化的河流系统中，并影响到这些系统。在现有的英国-菲律宾合作研究和我们的NERC DOST-PCIEERD资助的合作伙伴关系和项目开发（PPD）赠款的基础上，该项目旨在实现基于地貌和地球化学的综合方法，以建立新的基线，环境影响监测和数值模拟方法，以确定资源潜力，并修复，恢复和管理受传统，当代和未来采矿影响的集水区。我们将通过实现以下目标来实现这一目标：（1）展示和开发新技术和分析方法，以确定菲律宾河流流域的基线水和生态质量，并监测和评估未来矿山和可持续采矿实践的影响;（2）量化菲律宾典型流域传统和现代采矿污染沉积物的环境影响;（3）开发和验证一个三维数值模型，说明受地雷污染的废物在百年时间尺度内如何通过菲律宾河流集水区，并预测在不同气候变化和管理设想方案下的未来污染模式;（5）在制定菲律宾矿化集水区管理政策和战略时，提出一种基于集水区的方法，并确定管理采矿集水区的最佳做法、挑战和经验教训，以供其他热带国家可持续实施。作为一个具有丰富生物多样性的热带矿产国家的典范，菲律宾可持续采矿的发展将对其他地方实现类似成果具有全球意义。

As the world moves towards low carbon emissions, the need for mining is as great as it has ever been. The contemporary paradigm is 'sustainable mining' that is profitable but protects environments, ecosystems and humans. The Philippines is a mineral-rich nation with a legacy and significant potential for future mining. The move towards sustainable mining in the Philippines requires novel and effective baselining and monitoring of contaminant histories, an understanding of the fate, transport and impacts of the contaminants, and methods for remediating and recovering resources from legacy mining areas and for promoting ecosystem and landscape recovery. In this project, we address all of these needs by adopting a catchment-based approach to evaluate legacy impacts and sustainable mining futures in the Philippines. We do so because all mining takes place in and affects mineralised river systems. Building on existing UK-Philippines collaborative research and our NERC DOST-PCIEERD funded Partnership and Project Development (PPD) grant, this project aims to realise a combined geomorphological- and biogeochemical-based approach to establish new baseline, environmental impact monitoring and numerical modelling approaches to determine resource potential and remediate, rehabilitate and manage catchments affected by legacy, contemporary and future mining. We will achieve this aim by addressing the following objectives: (1) Demonstrate and develop novel technologies and analytical approaches to establish baseline water and ecological quality in Philippine river catchments, and to monitor and evaluate the impact of future mines and sustainable mining practice; (2) Quantify the environmental impacts of contaminated sediment from legacy and contemporary mining in an exemplar Philippine catchment; (3) Develop and verify a 3D numerical model of how mine contaminated waste has moved through Philippine river catchments over centennial time scales and to predict future patterns of contamination under different climate change and management scenarios; (4) Determine the environmental impacts, risks and resource and remediation potential of Philippine mine tailings dams; (5) Propose a catchment-based approach in developing policies and strategies to manage mineralised watersheds in the Philippines and identify the best practices, challenges, and lessons learnt in managing mining catchments for sustainable implementation to other tropical nations. As an exemplar of a tropical, mineralised nation with a rich biodiversity, the development of sustainable mining in the Philippines will be of global relevance to achieving similar outcomes elsewhere.