Astrophysics and Cosmology Research within the JBCA 2017-2020

这笔赠款支持曼彻斯特大学乔德雷尔银行天体物理中心的研究。我们的研究分为三组。有太多的具体建议无法详细描述，下面我们简单地介绍一下这三个小组正在进行的工作。宇宙学：这是对整个宇宙的研究。主要目的是了解宇宙的大尺度特征形成的过程，并约束其中存在的各种不同类型的物质。其中包括暗物质和暗能量，它们被认为占总数的95%以上。我们通过比较弱引力透镜和强引力透镜的观测结果来做到这一点，引力透镜是爱因斯坦广义相对论中预测的由大质量物体引起的光的扭曲，宇宙微波背景是质子和电子聚集在一起形成氢时产生的微弱辐射，以及星系中中性氢原子发出的辐射。我们在这里提出的研究既包括理论和观测，也包括使观测成为可能所需技术的发展。太阳、恒星和星系：这个小组的研究人员以该小组的名义研究广泛的天体物理过程，这些过程对于天体的形成和演化是合理的。该小组感兴趣的具体关键领域是比太阳大得多的恒星的形成和随后的演化，所谓的星际介质(ISM)的性质，它由不受恒星约束的分子组成，以及渗透到空间的磁场。脉冲星和时间域天体物理学：这个小组的重点是随着时间变化的天体物理特征：事物时断时续，通常具有某种规律性。其中包括脉冲星，它是非标准恒星时间，被称为中子星，它是一颗由中子量子压强支撑的死星。这些物体发出的无线电辐射以非常有规律的方式发出脉冲，使它们能够作用于宇宙时钟。随着中子星在太空中自转和移动，经常受到伴星的影响，不断测量这些时钟，可以对太阳系外的引力性质进行最精确的限制。该小组研究的其他现象包括新星爆炸、其他变星，以及由一颗恒星经过另一颗恒星的透镜效应引起的可变性，称为微透镜。

This grant supports the research of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester. Our research is a divided into 3 groups. There are too many specific proposals to describe in detail, do below we have given a brief layman's explanation of the work being carried out by the three groups.Cosmology: This is the study of the Universe as a whole. The main aim is to understand the processes by which the large scale feature of the Universe formed and to constrain the various different kinds of matter that existed within it. These include dark matter and dark energy which are thought to constitute more than 95% of the total. We do this by comparison to observations of weak and strong gravitational lensing which is the distortion of light predicted to be caused by massive objects in Einstein' Theory of General Relativity, the cosmic microwave background which is the faint emission of radiation created at the time when protons and electrons come together to form hydrogen and the emission given off by neutral hydrogen atoms in galaxies. The research we propose here involves both theory and observation as well as the development of the technology necessary to make the observations possible.Sun, Stars and Galaxies: The researchers in this group study a wide range of astrophysical processes that are reasonable for the formation and evolution of the objects in the name of the group. Specific key areas that the group is interested in are the formation of stars much larger than the Sun and the subsequent evolution, the properties of the so-called interstellar medium (ISM) which comprises molecules not bound to stars and the magnetic fields that permeate space.Pulsars and Time Domain Astrophysics: The focus of this group is astrophysical signatures that are change with time: things which come on and off, often with some kind of regularity. These include Pulsars which are non-standard star time, known as a neutron star, which is a dead star supported by the quantum pressure of neutrons. The radio emission from these objects pulses on an off with extraordinary regularity allowing them to acts cosmic clocks. The constantly measuring these clocks as the neutron stars spin and move through space, often impacted on by a companion star, allows the most precise constraints on the nature of gravity outside the solar system. Other phenomena studied by this group include Nova explosions, other variable stars, and variability induced by the lensing effects of one star passing in front of another, called microlensing.